神経化学

神経化学入門コース分子イメージングのいろは

7月6日（木）　16:40-18:40　Room B 1SY⑨-1 形態学と周辺領域のコンボリューションが織りなすイメージング進化 Imaging evolution woven by convolution of morphology and its surrounding fields 木山　博資名古屋大学医学系研究科　機能組織学, 名古屋, 日本 Hiroshi Kiyama Dept. of Functional Anatomy & Neuroscience, Nagoya Univ. Grd. Sch. Med., Nagoya, Japan The principal of the Japanese Society of Neurochemistry (JSN) is the understanding of the functions and diseases of nervous systems on the molecular basis. As the brain consists of some hundreds of billions of neurons and glial cells, the understanding of precise molecular localization in the brain is essential. Researchers have been very keen with developing new methods to visualize new molecules in situ. The biochemistry identified several enzymes and their regulatory functions in the brain, the immunology allowed synthesis of antibodies and their manipulations, and the molecular biology gave us several tools such as in situ hybridization and gene manipulations. As such, the environment surrounding morphology has changed dramatically over the last 50 years, and these evolutions lead to new innovations in the morphology field. In addition, innovations of microscopy technologies enabled us to observe 3D structure of organelle and cell morphologies. The Array tomography, FIB-SEM, Serial Block-Face SEM (SBF-SEM) are currently focused by many researchers. Furthermore real-time in vivo imaging becomes currently powerful tool, and still evolving. In this educational session, as an introductory part, I would like to address historical evolutions of molecular visualization methods along with the evolutions of surrounding fields during last half century.		7月6日（木）　16:40-18:40　Room B 1SY⑨-2 Four-dimensional imaging of a primary cilium, a submicron cellular structure 池上　浩司広島大学　医系科学研究科　解剖学及び発生生物学 Koji Ikegami Dept. of Anat. and Dev. Biol., Grad. Sch. of Biomed. and Health Sci., Hiroshima Univ., Japan Many cell types, including neurons, have a microstructure called a primary cilium, which is a few μm long and 0.2 μm in diameter. Primary cilia function as "antennae" to sense extracellular fluid flow, and/or to receive hormones such as serotonin, and growth factors such as PDGF. Primary cilia are generally immotile, because they lack motor proteins such as dynein, unlike motile cilia present on ependymal cells in the brain ventricles. However, primary cilia are not necessarily static; they are "dynamic", changing morphology dependent on the cell cycle and intra/extra-cellular conditions. Time-lapse imaging of fluorescently-labeled primary cilia is a powerful tool to capture these dynamic movements of primary cilia. In contrast, overexpression of cilia-localizing fluorescent proteins can cause artifacts, especially non-physiologically abnormal elongation of primary cilia. We have recently developed a genome editing-based knock-in method to label primary cilia under physiological conditions. In this talk, we will introduce the technique and show the dynamic changes of primary cilia observed in three dimensions (XY-T) and four dimensions (XYZ-T). We will also introduce an example of the power of super-resolution microscopy, as the diameter of 0.2 μm is exactly the size of the optical limitation.

7月6日（木）　16:40-18:40　Room B 1SY⑨-3 脳細胞のライブイメージング：基礎と応用 Basics and applications of live-cell imaging 澤本　和延^1,2 1. 名古屋市立大学　医学研究科　脳神経科学研究所　神経発達・再生医学分野, 2. 生理学研究所 Kazunobu Sawamoto^1,2 1. Department of Developmental and Regenerative Neurobiology, Institute of Brain Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 2. National Institute for Physiological Sciences The technique of fluorescent labeling and observation of living brain cells is used to understand in detail the dynamics of cells during brain development, pathology, and regeneration, and to study their molecular mechanisms. Methods for labeling brain cells include the use of transgenic mice that express fluorescent proteins in specific cells or the introduction of vectors that express fluorescent proteins. Cells to be imaged include cells cultured in 2D or 3D, cells in cultured brain slices, and cells in the brain of live animals. In this talk, the basics of these methods will be presented, especially their application to the study of the migration mechanisms of neurons in the postnatal brain. Neuronal migration is an important step not only in development but also in the regenerative process when brain tissue is injured. Experiments using these techniques have shown that neurons generated from endogenous stem cells migrate to the site of injury after brain diseases such as stroke. New therapies that promote neuronal regeneration and functional recovery by facilitating neuronal migration will also be presented.		7月6日（木）　16:40-18:40　Room B 1SY⑨-4 オプトジェネティクス（原理と応用） Optogenetics in neuropathology and neurochemistry 田中　謙二慶應義塾大学医学部　先端医科学研究所　脳科学研究部門 Kenji Tanaka Division of Brain Sciences, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine Optogenetics is a tool for manipulation of neurons. Optical actuators can be expressed in cells of interest by exploiting cell-type specific promoter, thus optogenetics allows us to manipulate cellular functions. First I will introduce the history of the development of optogenetics and the successful experiences in the neurophysiology. Second I will focus on the potential usage of optogenetics in the neurochemistry and the neuropathology where glia and mural cells, non-excitable cells in the brain, associate with disease conditions.

7月6日（木）　16:40-18:40　Room B 1SY⑨-5 脳疾患モデル動物を用いたPET画像解析 PET imaging of animal models for neurological disorders 下條　雅文国立研究開発法人量子科学技術研究開発機構量子生命・医学部門　量子医科学研究所脳機能イメージング研究部 Masafumi Shimojo Department of Functional Brain Imaging, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan In vivo neuroimaging is a fundamental approach for monitoring the progress of a variety of neurological disorders. Among a variety of imaging modalities, the non-invasive radiological imaging technique represented by positron emission tomography (PET) has a major significance, as PET enables to visualize functional brain status of living subjects including rodents, monkeys, and humans. Using small chemical probes labeled by positron-emitting radionuclides, PET scan identifies the spatial distribution of these probes as radiotracers and quantifies the kinetics of the probes and their binding to target components. Recently, the development of advanced PET techniques allows us to track the pathological progress of protein aggregates, neuroinflammation, and circuit dysfunction, offering an imaging-based platform to assess brain function and dysfunction in animal models and humans. Importantly, PET also provides essential information about the detailed disposition and tissue circulation of the radiotracers themselves in the brain, facilitating the design and evaluation of effective therapeutic chemical agents in biomedical research. In this session, we introduce recent advances in PET imaging for understanding the neurodegenerative cascade using model animals for human tauopathies and discuss how to explore this imaging technology for future scientific research.