自閉症　臨床 Autism：Clinical
O3-7-4-1 広汎性発達障害児の脳機能結合と認知特性 Brain connectivity and high reading/decoding ability in young children with autism ○菊知充1,2,3, 吉村優子1,3, 上野沙奈絵2, 廣澤徹2, 棟居俊夫1,2,3, 高橋努4, 鈴木道雄4, 東田陽博1,3, 三邉義雄1,3 ○Mitsuru Kikuchi1,2,3, Yuko Yoshimura1,3, Sanae Ueno2, Tetsu Hirosawa2, Toshio Munesue1,2,3, Tsutomu Takahashi4, Michio Suzuki4, Haruhiro Higashida1,3, Yoshio Minabe1,3 金沢大学子どものこころの発達研究センター1, 金沢大学医学系研究科脳情報病態学2, 大阪大学大学院大阪大学・金沢大学・浜松医科大学・千葉大学・福井大学連合小児発達学研究科3, 富山大学医学部神経精神科4 Research Center for Child Mental Development, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa , Japan1, Departments of Psychiatry and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa , Japan2, Higher Brain Functions & Autism Research, Department of Child Development, Osaka University United Graduate School of Child Development, Kanazawa , Japan3, Department of Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan4 It has been reported that some individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) perform more proficiently on certain visual tasks than may be predicted by their general cognitive performances. In the present study, we used a custom child-sized magnetoencephalography system and demonstrated that preserved ability in the visual reasoning task was associated with rightward lateralisation of the neurophysiological connectivity between the parietal and temporal regions in 26 young children with ASD (aged 5 to 7). In addition, we demonstrated that higher reading/decoding ability was also associated with the same lateralisation in young children with ASD. These neurophysiological correlates of visual tasks are considerably different from those that are observed in typically developing 26 young children (aged 5 to 7). These findings indicate that children with ASD have inherently different neural pathways that contribute to their relatively preserved ability in visual tasks. This is the first study which demonstrated the preserved ability in these tasks and the neurophysiological correlates of their ability in young children with ASD.	O3-7-4-2 3歳から7歳の幼児における自閉症の有無による自発脳活動の違い―MEG研究― Spontaneous brain activities of 3- to 7-year-old children with and without autism spectrum disorder - MEG study - ○平石博敏1, 菊知充1,2,3, 上野沙奈絵1, 吉村優子2, 廣澤徹1, 棟居俊夫1,2, 東田陽博2,3, 三邉義雄1,2,3 ○Hirotoshi Hiraishi1, Mitsuru Kikuchi1,2,3, Sanae Ueno1, Yuko Yoshimura2, Tesu Hirosawa1, Toshio Munesue1,2, Haruhiro Higashida2,3, Yoshio Minabe1,2,3 金沢大学医薬保健研究域医学系脳情報病態学1, 金沢大学子どものこころの発達研究センター2, 大阪大学大学院大阪大学・金沢大学・浜松医科大学・千葉大学・福井大学連合小児発達学研究科金沢校3 Department of Psychiatry and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan1, Research Center for Child Mental Development, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan2, Department of Child Development, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University and Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan3 Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is known as a disorder of aberrant neural activity. Although it is important to study the pathophysiology of the developing ASD cortex, the number of reports about it in young children with ASD under conscious conditions is still few. Magnetoencephalography (MEG) is a noninvasive brain imaging technique and is a practical neuroimaging method for use in young children. In the present study, human brain activity was measured non-invasively in 35 ASD children and 35 typically developing (TD) young children (3 - 7 years old) with a child custom-sized MEG. As a result, spontaneous ASD brain activity showed differences in the oscillations and their spatial distribution in MEG measurement, compared with TD. ASD children showed regional attenuations in theta1 (3.5-5 Hz) and theta2 (5.5-7.5 Hz) and regional elevations in alpha2 (10-12 Hz) and gamma (30.5-50 Hz). These results showed different spontaneous brain activities in ASD children compared with TD children. This study about ASD young children confirmed the same results of previous EEG/MEG studies with other ages of ASD; (1) different brain growth, (2) different visuo-spatial information processing and (3) impairment of excitatory/inhibitory neural control in ASD. Moreover, the ADOS scores showed the negative correlation between autistic severity and both theta2 band power in from the left temporal area to the bilateral occipital areas and alpha1 band power in the right occipital area. This negative correlation between autistic severity and theta oscillation power values is related to mental task and memory and the correlation between autistic severity and alpha band power is related to atypical brain developmental pattern.
O3-7-4-3 自閉症スペクトラム児童における前注意的聴覚弁別処理の電位源推定解析 Source localization analyses of preattentive auditory discrimination processing in children with autism spectrum disorders ○高橋秀俊1, 中鉢貴行1, 森脇愛子1, 飯田悠佳子1, 遠藤明代1, 荻野和雄1, 武井麗子1, 稲田尚子1, 神尾陽子1 ○Hidetoshi Takahashi1, Takayuki Nakahachi1, Aiko Moriwaki1, Yukako Iida1, Akiyo Endo1, Kazuo Ogino1, Reiko Takei1, Naoko Inada1, Yoko Kamio1 国立精神・神経医療研究センター 精神保健研究所　児童・思春期精神保健研究部1 Department of Child and Adolescent Mental Health, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry.1 Children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are often characterized as having atypicalities in information processing deficits, spanning from low level sensory processing to higher-order cognitive functions. Mismatch negativity (MMN) and P3a, which is considered to be promising neurophysiological indexes in translational research of psychiatry, are event related potential (ERP) components that are automatically elicited in response to unattended changes in ongoing, repetitive stimuli. Recent studies suggest that investigation of these preattentive auditory discrimation processing might extend understanding of the atypical neurophysiological basis of ASD. However, to our knowledge, the neural substrates of these atypical responses in ASD are not fully understood. In this study, 8 children with ASD and 26 without ASD underwent 64 channel EEG testing using a multi-feature auditory oddball paradigm (3 types of deviant: duration, frequency, omission) while passively watching a silent video. Exact Low Resolution Electromagnetic Tomography Analyses (eLORETA) was used to identify the neural sources of MMN and P3a components in the subjects as well as the brain regions associated with atypicalities observed among ASD children. The components of MMN and P3a responses mapped onto neural sources broadly distributed across temporal, frontal, and parietal regions. Children with ASD showed significantly reduced activation of duration-deviant MMN at superior frontal gyrus, and, of frequency-deviant MMN at inferior frontal gyrus, compared to children without ASD. Our findings support the idea of atypical preattentive auditory discrimination processing in ASD. Further investigations are required to reveal the contribution of the neural sources to atypical higher-order psychosocial cognitive functions in ASD.	O3-7-4-4 The effect of oxytocin on autonomic responses toward human sounds in autism ○Makio Kashino1,4, I-Fan Lin1, Haruhisa Ohta2, Takashi Yamada2, Kazuyoshi Ichihashi3, Masayuki Tani2, Hiromi Watanabe2, Chieko Kanai2, Taisei Ohno2, Yuko Takayama2, Akira Iwanami2, Nobumasa Kato2,42,4 NTT Communication Science Laboratories, NTT Corp.1, Department of Psychiatry, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan2, CREST, JST3 The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that social communication dysfunctions in people diagnosed as autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) is attributed to a lack of sufficient orientation to social stimuli and oxytocin can enhance their vigilance toward human sounds. Sixteen ASD and thirteen typically developed (TD) male adults participated in this experiment, and these two groups were matched in their age and IQ. After they inhaled oxytocin or placebo (in different sessions), we measured the participants' autonomic activities such as skin conductance response (SCR) and photoplethysmograph (PPG) when they listened to human, non-human, pleasant, and unpleasant sounds. All the sounds were chosen from International Affective Digital Sounds, and the presentation order of these sounds was pseudo-randomized. Two four-way ANOVAs were conducted for the SCR and PPG data. Subgroup analysis investigating the significant interaction between diagnosis and medication in SCR data (F(1,56)=7.526, p=0.008) reveals that after they inhaled placebo, SCR measured in the ASD group was lower than in the TD group, but there was no such difference after they inhaled oxytocin. Subgroup analysis investigating the significant interaction between medication and sociality in SCR data (F(1,56)=5.226, p=0.026) reveals that all participants had higher SCR for human sounds than for non-human sounds after inhaling oxytocin but not after inhaling placebo. The Pearson correlation analysis confirmed that this increase of response toward human sounds compared to non-human sounds was significantly negatively correlated with their social skills in the ASD group, which were measured by autism spectrum quotient, interpersonal reactivity index, and social functioning scale. There was no such effect of oxytocin in the PPG data. Our findings suggest that oxytocin inhalation has the potential to increase orientation responses toward human sounds in autistic people.

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