動機づけ・情動 Motivation and Emotion
O3-8-2-1 音楽と表情認識による感情に対する相互作用の神経基盤 Neural basis of cross-modal emotion processing: An fMRI study with music and emotional facial expressions ○石井徹1, 澤本伸克2, 小野健太郎1, 福山秀直1 ○Toru Ishii1, Nobukatsu Sawamoto2, Kentaro Ono1, Hidenao Fukuyama1 京都大院・医・脳機能センター1, 京都大院・医・臨床神経学2 Human Brain Research Center, Kyoto Univ, Kyoto, Japan1, Dept Neurol, Kyoto Univ, Kyoto, Japan2 From the imaging studies on human emotion using facial stimuli or music, limbic structures such as the amygdala are considered to be significant for processing an emotion like sad or happy. However, it remains unclear whether neural circuits involved in emotion processing regardless of types of stimuli really exist or not. Meanwhile, we often experience that music has a power to change mood or feelings evoked by other modalities. For instance, happy music can change impression of negative films or pictures presented simultaneously. The neural basis of these multimodal interactions on emotion is scarcely understood. Here, we designed the functional MRI (fMRI) study to examine the modulatory effects of music on emotion evoked by facial expressions. FMRI and T1 weighted image of healthy volunteers were acquired on a 3 tesla scanner. 15 (5 happy, 5 sad and 5 neutral) pieces of classical music were chosen to induce the intended emotional states according to the results of pilot experiment. 40 face pictures were selected to evoke happy, sad, fear from the picture set by Gur et. al. (2002). In an fMRI session, musical pieces were presented in a blocked design alternating 36s epochs with music and 12s silent epochs. During a music block, a picture of emotional face was presented every 6s in an event-related design and subjects are instructed to rate their present affective state between the pictures on a 5-point scale ranging from very negative to very positive. Increased BOLD signal were found in the amygdala and superior temporal gyrus when sad faces were presented with sad music compared with the state which the same sad faces were presented with happy music. Corresponding to these, subjective ratings showed that congruent emotional stimuli enhance the emotional valence while incongruent stimuli diminish the valence. The results suggest that both cortical and limbic areas are responsible for the interaction of emotions evoked by music and facial expressions.	O3-8-2-2 野生由来マウス系統におけるストレス応答行動の遺伝子マッピングと分子解析 Genetic Mapping and Molecular Analysis of Behavioral Response to Stress in Wild-derived Mouse Strain ○田邉彰1,2, 高橋阿貴1,2, 城石俊彦1,3, 小出剛1,2 ○Akira Tanave1,2, Aki Takahashi1,2, Toshihiko Shiroishi1,3, Tsuyoshi Koide1,2 総研大・生命科学・遺伝学1, 遺伝研・系統生物・マウス開発2, 遺伝研・系統生物・哺乳動物遺伝3 Dept Genetics, SOKENDAI, Mishima1, Mouse Genomics Resource Lab, Genetic Strains Research Center, Nat Inst Genetics, Mishima2, Mammalian Genetics Lab, Genetic Strains Research Center, Nat Inst Genetics, Mishima3 Wild-derived mouse strain MSM/Ms (MSM) still shows wildness behaviors which had been lost in laboratory mice during domestication and inbreeding. The wildness behaviors are considered as strong behavioral response to stress. Our previous study revealed that the behavioral response to stress is increased by replacing whole Chr17 with that of MSM in C57BL/6 (B6) genetic background. In the present study, 1) we conducted a fine mapping of the behavioral response to stress, 2) and analyzed a candidate gene. 1) We established a series of sub-consomic strains, which carry partial segment of MSM-derived Chr17. In the results of genetic analyses of the behavioral response to stress in open field using the sub-consomic strains, we successfully mapped a genetic locus into about 2Mb region at the distal end of Chr17, in which only one protein coding gene, Adcyap1 is located. 2) The product of Adcyap1 gene is known as a neuropeptide, PACAP, which regulates stress responses. Although no non-synonymous mutation in the Adcyap1 gene between MSM and B6 was found, the Adcyap1 mRNA and the PACAP levels were significantly increased in the sub-consomic strain. The increased Adcyap1 gene expression levels were agreed with long-lasting increased serum corticosterone level after restrained stress in the sub-consomic strain. In addition, the expression ratio of the splice variants of Adcyap1 gene was clearly different between classical laboratory strains and wild-derived strains. Interestingly, this expressional difference between the two groups was strongly associated with the number of repeats within GT-repeats polymorphism in an intron of Adcyap1 gene. These findings indicate that variation in the behavioral response to stress is linked to the genetic variation in Adcyap1 gene, and suggest the possibility of association of Adcyap1 gene in the process of domestication from wild to laboratory mice.
O3-8-2-3 ユビキチンリガーゼRinesによる前頭前野のモノアミン動態調節を介した情動行動制御機構 Rines E3 ubiquitin ligase regulates emotional behaviors by altering the monoamine dynamics in prefrontal cortex ○樺山実幸1, 佐郡和人1, 山田一之3小田川摩耶1, 守村直子1, 片山圭一1有賀純1 ○Miyuki Kabayama1, Kazuto Sakoori1, Kazuyuki Yamada3, Veravej G Ornthanalai2, Maya O Odagawa1, Naoko Morimura1, Kei-ichi Katayama1, Niall P Murphy2, Jun Aruga1 理化学研究所　脳科学総合研究センター(BSI)　行動発達障害研究チーム1, 理化学研究所　脳科学総合研究センター マーフィーリサーチユニット2, 理化学研究所　脳科学総合研究センター 動物資源開発支援ユニット3 Lab.for Behavioral and Developmental Disorders, RIKEN Brain Science Institute (BSI), Wako, Japan1, Murphy Research Unit, RIKEN Brain Science Institute (BSI), Wako, Japan2, Support Unit for Animal Resources Development, RIKEN Brain Science Institute (BSI), Wako, Japan3 Monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A), the catabolic enzyme of norepinephrine and serotonin, plays a critical role in emotional and social behavior. However, the control and impact of endogenous MAO-A levels in brain remains unknown. Here we show that the RING finger-type E3 ubiquitin ligase, Rines/RNF180 regulates MAO-A protein levels and emotional behavior. Rines interacted with MAO-A and promoted its ubiquitination and degradation. Rines knockout mice exhibited enhanced MAO-A enzymatic activity with decreased levels of norepinephrine and serotonin in the locus ceruleus and paradoxical alterations of norepinephrine and serotonin in the prefrontal cortex upon exposure to acute stressful stimuli. In behavioral terms Rines knockout mice displayed impaired stress responses and enhanced anxiety and affiliative behavior. Treatment of Rines knockout mice with a MAO inhibitor rescued these specific affective abnormalities. Thus, the endogenous control of emotional responses is a direct consequence of MAO-A levels that, in turn, are regulated by continuous protein degradation by Rines. Collectively, these findings link cellular metabolic enzyme turnover to psychiatric behavior and dysfunction, and identify a promising candidate drug target for treating diseases associated with emotion dysfunction.	O3-8-2-4 音楽の終止構造認識の神経基盤 Neural correlates of the perception of musical cadence ○星ー柴玲子1,3,4, 古川聖2, 岡ノ谷一夫1,3,4 ○Hoshi Reiko1,3,4, Kiyoshi Furukawa2, Kazuo Okanoya1,3,4 東京大学大学院　総合文化研究科1, 東京芸術大学2, 独立行政法人理化学研究所脳科学総合研究センター情動情報連携研究チ ーム3, JST-ERATO岡ノ谷情動情報プロジェクト4 Graduate School of Arts and Science, The University of Tokyo1, Tokyo University of the Arts, Tokyo, Japan2, 2Emotional Information Joint Research Laboratory, Brain Science Institute, RIKEN3, 3JST-ERATO Okanoya emotional information project4 Music is one of essential human communication tools that can convey emotional information without language. Music is constructed of time-series acoustic signals. To investigate the procedure of processing the music emotional information in our brain, applying its structure is very effective. One of the cognitive mechanisms to support understanding music structure is recognition of musical termination, cadence. The most typical structure of cadence is a Dominant-Tonic chord sequence. We have categorized the Dominant-Tonic chord sequences into two types to investigate the recognition process of cadence. The cadence type I has both Dominant-Tonic chord termination structure and melody termination, but the cadence type II has only Dominant-Tonic chord termination structure. We have composed sixty songs that have both types of cadence. Thirteen healthy volunteers who have musical experience more than three years were presented the songs, and their behavior performance and brain activities by EEG measurement were analyzed. As a results, during presentation of cadence type I, the participants presented significantly strong positive brain activities in frontal cortex by listening Dominant chords, and they also felt significantly strong sense of termination by listening Tonic chords. In contrast, during presentation of cadence type II, the participants presented no specific brain activities by listening Dominant chords, and they also felt weaker sense of termination by listening Tonic chords. These results suggest that the music termination structure related to processing of sense of termination, and the possibility to make time-series acoustic signals to meaningful structure of music.

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