TOP ＞ Late-Breaking Abstracts

Late-Breaking Abstracts 2022年6月30日　13:00～14:00　宜野湾市民体育館　ポスター会場2 1LBA-001 発生期小脳顆粒細胞における一過的な神経前駆細胞の増殖メカニズム Transit amplification of cerebellar granule cell in human and mouse cerebellum. *宮下 聡(1) 1. 新潟大学 *Satoshi Miyashita(1) 1. Niigata University Keyword: Neural Development, Cerebellum, Evolution, single cell transcriptomics Transit amplification of neural progenitors/precursors is a widely used mechanism in the development of the central nervous system (CNS) to increase the number of neurons and expand the brain. However, the molecular machinery that regulates the transient amplification is still unknown. The cerebellum contains the largest number of neurons in the mammalian CNS and regulates motor learning as well as cognitive functions. Cerebellar granule cells (GCs), excitatory interneurons, are the most abundant neurons in the mammalian brain and determine the size and complexity of the cerebellar cortex. GCs originate from the embryonic rhombic lip, the first germinal zone for the excitatory neurons in the cerebellum, and then explosively proliferate in the external granule cell layer (EGL) during postnatal stages, the secondary germinal zone for the GC-lineage cells. This developmental process is considered a transit-amplification system to increase the number of GCs and cerebellar size. Unlike the human cerebral cortex, which acquired transit-amplified progenitor cells during evolution and expanded in size and complexity, this transit-amplified system in the cerebellum is well conserved while mammals, especially primates, are known to have an enlarged and more complex cerebellum than birds and reptiles. Therefore, it is still not known by what mechanism the mammalian cerebellum has expanded the cerebellar cortex and increased the number of neurons. In this study, by analyzing the public single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) data, we have successfully identified the previously unknown cell clusters. Interestingly, GCPs in this cluster express genes related to neuronal differentiation with remaining in the cell cycle like intermediate progenitors in the developing mammalian cortex. By analyzing the molecular markers in vivo, we found these intermediate progenitor-like cells in the developing cerebellar EGL. Since these intermediate progenitor-like cells are not observed in birds and reptiles, it is suggested that the mouse cerebellum has acquired another transit-amplifying progenitor during evolution. We further analyzed molecular machinery regulating the transit amplification in the EGL by comparing the scRNAseq data of developing mouse cerebellum with that of developing human cerebellum. Our findings have suggested that another transit amplification progenitor in the developing EGL is contributed to the evolutionary expansion of the mammalian cerebellum. 2022年6月30日　13:00～14:00　宜野湾市民体育館　ポスター会場2 1LBA-002 マウス大脳皮質発生過程における遺伝子発現様態の雌雄差 Sex difference in the gene expression pattern during murine corticogenesis *眞鍋 柊(1)、越智 翔平(1)、吉川 貴子(1)、大隅 典子(1) 1. 東北大学大学院医学系研究科 *Shyu Manabe(1), Shohei Ochi(1), Takako Kikkawa(1), Noriko Osumi(1) 1. Tohoku University, Graduate School of Medicine Keyword: Sex differences, Neurogenesis, Neocortex, Mouse The brain is one of the organs that show sex differences. In mice, the total brain volume of males is 2.5% larger than that of females, while the white matter volume of females is larger than that of males (Meyer et al., 2017). It has been considered that the exposure to the sex hormone (testosterone) during the perinatal period is a primary trigger to induce sexual differentiation of the brain (Phoenix et al., 1959). It has also been reported that gene expression patterns in the embryonic rodent brain differ between males and females (Dewing et al., 2003; Pradhan et al., 2021), suggesting a possibility that sexual differentiation has already been determined in the embryonic neocortex. However, molecular mechanisms that lead to the sexual differentiation of the neocortex is not fully understood yet. To shed light on the molecular mechanism leading to the sexual differentiation of the neocortex, we performed comprehensive transcriptomic analyses using RNA-seq data for the male and the female mouse telencephalon (i.e., primordia of the neocortex and the basal ganglia) at embryonic day 11.5 (E11.5) and E14.5. At E11.5, there were little genes that were differentially expressed between males and females, while at E14.5, several neuronal genes were found to be highly expressed in females. Those neuronal genes were confirmed to be strongly localized in the developing neocortex at E14.5 in the public database for mRNA expression patterns at E14.5 (GenePaint, Visel et al., 2004). This might suggest that neurogenesis is accelerated in females than in males in early corticogenesis. Next, we measured the relative thickness of the multiple layers in the developing neocortex at E11.5, E14.5 and E17.5. We found in females that the intermediate zone was 30% thicker at E17.5 than that of males. This result might support the hypothesis that preconscious neurogenesis occurs during female corticogenesis. Taken together, molecular and histological features obtained in this study implied that the sex difference had already emerged in the developing neocortex in the mid-neurogenesis stages. Our findings further raise an alert for developmental neurobiologists to take sex differences into account even at the embryonic stages. 2022年6月30日　13:00～14:00　宜野湾市民体育館　ポスター会場2 1LBA-003 Constitutively activated Notch suppresses early-born neural cell fate in the neural retina. *Kiyo Sakagami(1,2), Lillian Lai(2), Xianmei Zhang(2), Xian-Jie Yang(2,3) 1. Nagahama Inst. Bio-Sci. Tech, Shiga, Japan, 2. University of California, Los Angeles, Stein Eye Institute, U.S.A., 3. University of California, Los Angeles, Brain Research Institute, U.S.A. Keyword: Notch, Neural retina, NICD The vertebrate neural retina contains six types of neural cells and one type of glial cells, and it is an excellent model system to understand neural differentiation. Accumulating evidence indicates that the development of the neural retina is regulated by both extracellular signals and intrinsic factors. Notch was originally identified as a mutant that shows notched wings and excessive production of sensory neurons in Drosophila melanogaster. Notch is the receptor receiving ligand signals from differentiating neighbor cells and maintains progenitor status. This lateral inhibition mechanism is conserved among vertebrate and invertebrate neurogenesis. Once cells receive Delta or Serrate ligand signals, Notch intracellular domain (NICD) is processed and transported into the nucleus then activates downstream factors Hes1/5 along with coactivators. Here we provide genetic evidence that Notch plays important role in early retinal development. Cre/LoxP mediated NICD overexpression in the mouse retina results in an induction of Pax6 expression and loss of pigmented granules in the retinal pigment epithelium. Moreover, the mutant neural retina shows suppressed early-born neuronal cell fate e.g., retinal ganglion cells and cone photoreceptor cells. We also observed the proneuronal gene Math5 expression is dramatically suppressed in NICD overexpressed cells. Therefore, we conclude that Notch suppresses early-born neuronal production by regulating Math5 in the neural retina. 2022年6月30日　13:00～14:00　宜野湾市民体育館　ポスター会場2 1LBA-004 Synaptotagmin 4による脊髄損傷後の神経回路の修復 Synaptotagmin 4 contributes to spontaneous regeneration of neural networks after spinal cord injury *樋口 京香(1,2)、田辺 章悟(1)、成田 年(3,4)、村松 里衣子(1) 1. 国立精神神経医療研究センター 神経研究所 神経薬理研究部、2. 東京医科歯科大学大学院医歯学総合研究科 NCNP脳機能病態学分野、3. 星薬科大学 薬理学研究室、4. 国立がん研究センター研究所 がん患者病態生理研究分野 *Kyoka Higuchi(1,2), Shogo Tanabe(1), Minoru Narita(3,4), Rieko Muramatsu(1) 1. Department of Molecular Pharmacology, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 2. Department of NCNP Brain Physiology and Pathology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 3. Department of Pharmacology, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4. Division of Cancer Pathophysiology, National Cancer Center Research Institute Keyword: NEURAL NETWORK, AXON REGENERATION, SYNAPTOTAGMIN 4 Spinal cord injury (SCI) induces permanent neurological dysfunction such as motor deficits and sensory impairments caused by the disruption of neural networks. Although neural networks in the central nervous system (CNS) have difficulty in axonal regeneration, neurological deficits are partially recovered due to the formation of compensatory neural networks. Promoting the formation of compensatory neural networks could be an effective therapeutic strategy to treat neurological deficits after SCI. However, the molecular mechanism underlying spontaneous formation of compensatory neural networks has not been fully understood. In this study, we explored the novel factor mediating the formation of compensatory neural networks by in vitro screening system, and examined whether the candidate gene mediates spontaneous recovery after SCI in mice. To identify the factor mediating the formation of compensatory neural networks, we combined several databases and selected 20 candidate genes that are associated with neurological dysfunction and highly expressed in neurons of the CNS. To determine the effects of 20 candidate genes for neurite growth, we performed neurite outgrowth assay by primary cortical neurons transfected with siRNA library, and found that Synaptotagmin 4 (Syt4) is involved in neurite outgrowth in vitro. To examine whether Syt4 contributes to the formation of compensatory neural networks after SCI, we suppressed Syt4 expression in the motor cortex by injecting adeno-associated virus 9 (AAV9) coding shRNA against Syt4, and assessed motor function after SCI. Behavioral test revealed that Syt4 shRNA treatment prevented the recovery of motor function, and histological analysis showed suppression of Syt4 inhibited the formation of compensatory neural networks of corticospinal tracts. From these results, we concluded that Syt4 is associated with functional recovery by forming compensatory neural networks after SCI. 2022年6月30日　13:00～14:00　宜野湾市民体育館　ポスター会場2 1LBA-005 中枢神経系における内因性神経回路形成因子LOTUSの抑制性発現制御機構の検証 Investigation on inhibitory regulation of LOTUS, an endogenous Nogo receptor antagonist in central nervous system *川上 裕(1,2)、松林 潤平(2)、川口 祐生(2)、竹居 光太郎(2) 1. 国立精神・神経医療研究センター麻酔科、2. 横浜市立大学大学院生命医科学研究科 *Yutaka Kawakami(1,2), Junpei Matsubayashi(2), Yusei Kawaguchi(2), Kohtaro Takei(2) 1. National Center for Neurology and Psychiatry, Department of Anesthesiology, 2. Yokohama City University Graduate School, Department of Medical Life Science Keyword: lateral olfactory tract usher substance (LOTUS), Nogo Receptor, bone morphologic factor 4 (BMP4) Lateral olfactory tract usher susbstance (LOTUS) is an endogenous neural regeneration agent that antagonizes Nogo receptor type 1 (NgR1)-induced neuronal growth inhibitory signaling in the central nervous system (CNS). We have shown that expression level of endogenous LOTUS is decreased significantly in CNS injury such as spinal cord injury and neural inflammatory disease. On the other hand, many reports have shown that NgR1 agonists like Nogo-A protein, myelin-associated-glycoprotein (MAG) and chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs), and bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) significantly increase in and around damaged regions, although these agonists play an essential role in CNS development and synapse formation. These previous findings implicate the existence of mutual regulatory mechanism between promotive and inhibitory agents for neuronal growth. It is important for better practical strategies in treating with refractory CNS diseases to understand these interactive regulation mechanism. Here, we investigated on inhibitory regulation of LOTUS expression by neuronal inhibitory agents. First, we found that LOTUS expression levels increased in cerebral cortex and brainstem in NgR1-knockout mice at both mRNA and protein levels. We also found higher expression level of LOTUS in primary hippocampal neurons obtained from NgR1-knockout mice. Next, we examined whether BMP4-mediated neuronal inhibitory signaling regulates LOTUS expression in primary hipocampal neurons. We found that LOTUS expression level was decreased by BMP4 treatment in a dose-dependent manner and partially neutralized with Noggin treatment, a soluble BMP4 inhibitor. These findings implicate that LOTUS expression may be negatively regulated by these inhibitory signals.Therefore, the competitive relationship between promotive agent such LOTUS and inhibitory agent such NgR1 agonists suppressing LOTUS expression may be important mechanism in physiological regulation in development and regeneration. 2022年6月30日　13:00～14:00　宜野湾市民体育館　ポスター会場2 1LBA-006 Comparison of synaptic mechanism of intermittent theta-burst stimulation and continuous theta-burst stimulation in antidepressant-resistant rat model *Chi-Wei Lee(1), Chieh-Yu Chang(1), Ming-Chia Chu(1), Ching-Hsiang Chang(1), Tzu-Jung Yang(1), Tzu-Ning Peng(1), Hsiang Chi(1), Yen-Cheng Lin(1), Hui-Ching Lin(1) 1. National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University Keyword: Treatment-resistant depression, Theta-burst stimulation, Prefrontal cortex Treatment-resistant depression (TRD) is defined as major depression with poor or unsatisfactory response to two different classes of antidepressants, such as fluoxetine. Recent study demonstrated that a new form of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), called theta-burst stimulation (TBS), such as intermittent theta-burst stimulation (iTBS) and continuous theta burst (cTBS) was non-inferiority to rTMS in TRD treatment. However, the mechanism of iTBS and cTBS for the treatment of TRD in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) is still unclear. Hence, the aim of study tries to compare the treatment effects of iTBS and cTBS treatment in synaptic pathology. Here we applied the footshock stress as traumatic events to develop an antidepressant (i.e., fluoxetine)-resistant depression rat model. The results indicated that iTBS treatment improved the impaired long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD) after severe foot-shocks, whereas cTBS treatment only improved the aberrant LTD. Moreover, the decrease of mature brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)-related protein was reversed by iTBS treatment. The decrease of proBDNF-related protein was improved by iTBS and cTBS treatment. Furthermore, the decrease of AMPA receptor and downregulating of mTOR singling pathway were improved by iTBS and cTBS. The present study suggests that the synaptic mechanism of iTBS and cTBS perform different effects, iTBS produced both excitatory and inhibitory synaptic effects, besides cTBS only produced the inhibitory synaptic effects in the PFC. 2022年6月30日　13:00～14:00　宜野湾市民体育館　ポスター会場2 1LBA-007 タンパク質急速分解法を用いた新生仔マウス脳の神経回路精緻化メカニズムの解明 Elucidate the mechanism of neural circuit refinement in neonatal mouse brain using a rapid protein depletion system *二橋 彩音(1,4)、安島 理恵子(2,4)、相賀 裕美子(2,4)、鐘巻 将人(3,4)、岩里 琢治(1,4) 1. 国立遺伝学研究所神経回路構築研究室、2. 国立遺伝学研究所発生工学研究室、3. 国立遺伝学研究所分子細胞工学研究室、4. 総合研究大学院大学生命科学研究科遺伝学専攻 *Ayane Nihashi(1,4), Rieko Ajima(2,4), Yumiko Saga(2,4), Masato Kanemaki(3,4), Takuji Iwasato(1,4) 1. Laboratory of Mammalian Neural Circuits, National Institute of Genetics, 2. Laboratory of Mammalian Development, National Institute of Genetics, 3. Laboratory of Molecular Cell Engineering, National Institute of Genetics, 4. Department of Genetics, SOKENDAI Keyword: neuronal circuit, developmental plasticity, glutamate receptor, barrel cortex Precise neuronal connectivity is established via activity-dependent circuit reorganization during postnatal development. We previously found that the NMDA receptor plays key roles in cortical circuit refinement in the neonatal mouse brain by using gene knockout approaches (Iwasato et al., Neuron 1997, Nature 2000; Mizuno et al., Neuron 2014). In the current study, we aim to elucidate precise developmental stage-specific roles of NMDA receptors in cortical circuit reorganization. For this purpose, we use the auxin-inducible degron 2 (AID2), which is a recently developed protein knockdown system. With this system, rapid degradation of a target protein that is fused with mAID can be induced dependent on the 5-Ph-IAA administration in the presence of OsTIR1(F74G) (Yesbolatova et al., Nat. Commun. 2020). To apply the AID2 system for NMDA receptor function analyses, we generated NR1-mAID knock-in mouse, in which the mAID is fused with the C-terminus of the NR1, the essential NMDA receptor subunit. Before using the AID2 system for the study of neuronal circuit refinement, we needed to examine whether the AID2 system works in the neonatal mouse brain or not. We evaluated the efficiency of AID2-induced degradation of a target protein with the mAID-EGFP reporter mouse. We found that EGFP signal became undetectable within 3 hours after 5-Ph-IAA administration in the reporter mouse brain at postnatal day 5, which is a promising result. In the conference, our recent results and future plans will also be discussed. 2022年6月30日　13:00～14:00　宜野湾市民体育館　ポスター会場2 1LBA-008 クローズドループ脳刺激と歩行ロボット併用による脳卒中後歩行障害治療の試み Novel neurorehabilitation using the combination of closed-loop brain stimulation and gait training robot for poststroke gait disturbance: A proof of concept study *三宅 智彬(1)、宮田 裕輔(2)、島 淳(3)、長森 由依(2)、田中 和樹(3)、小川 明莉(2,3)、美馬 達哉(4)、眞木 崇州(1)、高橋 良輔(1)、大畑 光司(2)、小金丸 聡子(3) 1. 京都大学大学院医学研究科脳病態生理学講座臨床神経学、2. 京都大学大学院医学研究科人間健康科学系専攻、3. 京都大学大学院医学研究科脳機能総合研究センター神経機能回復・再生医学、4. 立命館大学大学院先端総合学術研究科 *Tomoaki Miyake(1), Yusuke Miyata(2), Atsushi Shima(3), Yui Nagamori(2), Kazuki Tanaka(3), Akari Ogawa(2,3), Tatsuya Mima(4), Takakuni Maki(1), Ryosuke Takahashi(1), Koji Ohata(2), Satoko Koganemaru(3) 1. Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 2. Human health science, Division of physical therapy, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 3. Department of Regenerative Systems Neuroscience,Human Brain Research Center, Graduate school of Medicine, Kyoto University, 4. Ritsumeikan Univ Grad School of Core Ethics & Frontier Sciences Keyword: neurorehabilitation, closed-loop brain stimulation, gait training robot, poststroke gait disturbance Background: Poststroke gait disturbance during the swing phase is mainly caused by impaired flexion of the paretic lower limb joints. Recently, we have shown that gait-synchronized closed-loop brain stimulation targeting the swing phase of gait improved poststroke gait disturbance (Koganemaru et al., Stroke, 2019). Meanwhile, the gait rehabilitation robot (Orthobot®) that assists knee joint movements during the swing phase has developed for people with gait disturbance. We hypothesized that combination of the robot and the brain stimulation could enhance the recovery of poststroke gait disturbance. Now, we investigated it in a chronic poststroke hemiparetic patient with gait disturbance. Methods: We performed the 10min treadmill gait training (0.2 m/sec) using Orthobot® with the closed-loop brain stimulation in a 57-year-old female post-stroke patient with right hemiparesis (two years after the onset). We used the oscillatory transcranial direct current stimulation over the lesioned M1 foot area with 1.5mA of DC offset, 0-3mA of sine-wave formed currents triggered by the paretic heel contact to set the maximum current just before the swing phase. We also performed the control trainings of Orthobot® alone, and of the Orthobot® with the control stimulation with inverted currents not targeting the swing phase. We evaluated the change rate of timed up and go (TUG) test, 10 m walking speed (comfortable speed) and muscle strength of the paretic ankle dorsiflexion. Results: The combined training enhanced improvements of the gait parameters and the muscle strength (change rate, TUG: 0.26, 10 m walking speed: 0.27 and muscle strength: 0.11), compared with the control trainings. Discussion and Conclusion: The result suggests that the combination of closed-loop brain stimulation and the gait rehabilitation robot targeting the swing phase of gait may promote improvements of gait function in post-stroke patients. Further studies are necessary in a larger number of patients. 2022年6月30日　13:00～14:00　宜野湾市民体育館　ポスター会場2 1LBA-009 発酵乳成分に対する味覚応答 Taste responses and ingestive behavior to fermented milk tastants *山瀬 裕子(1,2)、黄 海(2)、美藤 純弘(2,3,4)、江草 正彦(1)、宮脇 卓也(1)、吉田 竜介(2,3,4) 1. 岡山大学大学院医歯薬学総合研究科歯科麻酔・特別支援歯学分野、2. 岡山大学大学院医歯薬学総合研究科口腔生理学分野、3. 岡山大学学術研究院医歯薬学域、4. 岡山大学歯学部先端領域研究センター *Yuko Yamase(1,2), Huang Hai(2), Yoshihiro Mitoh(2,3,4), Masahiko Egusa(1), Takuya Miyawaki(1), Ryusuke Yoshida(2,3,4) 1. Department of Dental Anesthesiology and Special Care Dentistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2. Department of Oral Physiology, Graduate School of Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 3. Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 4. Advanced Research Center for Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Okayama University Dental School Keyword: Taste, fermented milk, lactic acid, enantiomer Fermented milk contains lactic acid as a characteristic sour tastant and lactose, galactose and galactooligosaccharide as sweet tastants. To analyze taste responses and ingestive behavior to these components of fermented milk, we examined licking behavior of mice to these components by using long term (48h) and short term (5s) lick tests. In the 48-hour two-bottle test, two bottles of water or test solution were placed in individual cages, and the amount of water and test solution consumed was measured for 48 hours. In the short term lick test, mice were first trained to lick solutions from a lick measuring device in a test cage for 5 days. Then, various test solutions were given and numbers of licks for 5 s to these solutions were measured. The test solutions used were sucrose, galactose, lactose, galactooligosaccharide, citric acid, L-lactic acid, and D-lactic acid at various concentrations. In the short term lick test, 1 mM QHCl was added to the preferred solutions (sucrose, galactose, lactose, and galactooligosaccharide) to obtain the concentration-dependent response. In both tests, wild-type mice showed a concentration-dependent increase in preference for the sweet-tasting components; however avoidance was observed at high concentrations of galactose, lactose, and galactooligosaccharide in long term lick tests. Mice showed concentration-dependent avoidance for D- and L-lactic acid, whereas a comparison of D-lactic acid and L-lactic acid in long term lick tests showed higher drinking rates for L-lactic acid at higher concentrations. In contrast, such preference for L-lactic acid than D-lactic acid was not observed in sweet receptor deficient T1R3-knockout mice. Possible reasons for the avoidance of sweet tastants at high concentrations in long term lick tests may be the negative post-ingestive effect of galactose because galactose is produced by digestion of lactose and galactooligosaccharides. Another reason may be indigestion of lactose and galactooligosaccharides. Higher preference for L-lactic acid than D-lactic acids in wild type mice may be due to D-lactic acidosis by ingestion of D-lactic acids. Because T1R3-KO mice did not show higher preference for L-lactic acid than D-lactic acid, sweet receptor may be important for taste discrimination of L- and D-lactic acids. 2022年6月30日　13:00～14:00　宜野湾市民体育館　ポスター会場2 1LBA-010 デルタ型グルタミン酸受容体／cerebellin 1複合体の機能不全による内側オリーブ蝸牛束のシナプス障害と加齢性難聴 Insufficient trans-synaptic complex of delta-type glutamate receptor/cerebellin 1 causes medial olivocochlear synaptopathy and age-related hearing loss *藤川 太郎(1)、塩崎 茉莉(2)、竹田 貴策(1)、青木 夏姫(1)、柚崎 通介(2)、堤 剛(1) 1. 東京医科歯科大学医歯学総合研究科耳鼻咽喉科学分野、2. 慶応義塾大学医学部生理学 *Taro Fujikawa(1), Mari Shiozaki(2), Takamori Takeda(1), Natsuki Aoki(1), Michisuke Yuzaki(2), Takeshi Tsutsumi(1) 1. Department of Otolaryngology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan, 2. Department of Neurophysiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan Keyword: Ionotropic glutamate delta receptor type 1, Medial olivocochlear efferent, Cochlear synaptopathy, Age-related hearing loss Medial olivocochlear (MOC) neurons originate in the brainstem and innervate cochlear outer hair cells (OHCs). Cholinergic input of the MOC-OHC synapse forms a negative-feedback gain-control system that inhibits OHC active amplification, which is essential for long-term maintenance of cochlear function. Although MOC-OHC synapse transmission is mediated by acetylcholine and α9/α10 nicotinic receptors, a molecular mechanism that assembles the synaptic connection remains unknown. Ionotropic glutamate delta receptor type 1 (GluD1), a postsynaptic organizer of both excitatory and inhibitory synapses in the central nervous system, is highly expressed in the cochlea and the deficiency is associated with vulnerability to acoustic injury and high-frequency hearing loss. Here we demonstrate that cerebellin 1 (Cbln1)/ GluD1 complex is essential for maintenance of the MOC-OHC synapse. GluD1-deficient mice formed intact hair cell synapses with normal auditory functions at 3 months of age. However, in older ages, they showed progressive loss of MOC terminals throughout cochlear turn, up to 60% loss at 9 months of age, that preceded gradual elevation of hearing thresholds and OHC loss in high frequencies, whereas no morphological changes were detected in inner hair cell afferent synapses, which form the major acoustic input pathway. The MOC-OHC synapse showed positive immunoreactivity for GluD1 and weakly for GluD2 (another GluD subtype). Quantitative reverse-transcriptional PCR using organ of Corti samples revealed compensatory relationship between GluD1 and GluD2 in the cochlea. Cbln1 was the only Cbln subtype expressed in the cochlea and the localization in the MOC-OHC synaptic cleft was retained in GluD1-deficient mice. Furthermore, Cbln1-deficient mice showed severer hearing loss as early as at 3 months of age. Thus, a trans-synaptic adhesion complex of postsynaptic GluD1 binding to Cbln1 is necessary for maintenance of long-term MOC-OHC synaptic connections. Insufficient compensation by GluD2 may deteriorate MOC-mediated feedback circuits that accelerate age-related hearing loss. The novel mechanism of cochlear synaptopathy suggests that restoring MOC efferent system with exogenous Cbln1 administration can be a potential therapeutic strategy to prevent age-related and noise-induced hearing loss. 2022年6月30日　13:00～14:00　宜野湾市民体育館　ポスター会場2 1LBA-011 サル上丘ニューロンはヘビと顔に高い反応性を有する Superior Neuronal Detection of Snakes and Faces in The Macaque Superior Colliculus and Its Biological Relevance *瀬戸川 剛(1,2)、Quan Le(1)、Ha Dinh(1)、西丸 広史(1,2)、松本 惇平(1,2)、西条 寿夫(1,2) 1. 富山大学医学部、2. 富山大学アイドリング脳科学研究センター *Tsuyoshi Setogawa(1,2), Le Van Quan(1), Dinh Trong Ha(1), Hiroshi Nishimaru(1,2), Jumpei Matsumoto(1,2), Hisao Nishijo(1,2) 1. Faculty of Medicine, University of Toyama, 2. RCIBS, University of Toyama Keyword: superior colliculus, Snake Detection Theory, primates, faces The Snake Detection Theory argues that, under selection pressure by snakes as predators, the primate subcortical visual system, including the superior colliculus (SC), has evolved to enable primates to detect snakes rapidly. In the present study, we recorded monkey SC neuronal responses to four categories of visual stimuli: snakes, monkey faces, monkey hands, and simple figures. We found that SC neurons with different receptive fields were topographically located within the SC, and that these neurons showed differential responsiveness to the stimuli depending on neuronal receptive fields: more snake-best SC neurons with largest responses to snakes were located in the central and lower visual fields, and more face-best SC neurons with largest responses to faces, in the upper visual field. These are consistent with where in nature snakes and conspecifics are more likely to be found. Furthermore, SC neurons responded most quickly to snakes in all visual fields, and more quickly to faces than to non-snake stimuli in the central and upper visual fields. SC neurons also responded more quickly to emotional than neutral monkey faces in the central visual field. Population activity patterns of the SC neurons separately encoded snakes during the first 25-ms period after stimulus onset, and emotional faces in the next 25-ms periods. In addition, additional SC neurons were tested with eight categories of visual stimuli presented in the central visual field: snakes, monkey faces, human faces, carnivores, raptors, non-predators, monkey hands, and simple figures. The results also replicated elevated responsiveness to snakes and faces in this expanded stimulus array. Furthermore, the responses to snakes were reduced by high spatial filtering and scrambling of the snake images, but not by low spatial filtering, while the responses to the snakes were greater than those to the carnivores and raptors adjusted to match low-level visual features to images of the snakes. Our results highlight the dual role of the SC in the detection of snakes and social stimuli, and the primacy of snakes in eliciting very rapid visual responses in support of the Snake Detection Theory for the origin of primates. 2022年6月30日　13:00～14:00　宜野湾市民体育館　ポスター会場2 1LBA-012 運転時の視覚的注意と認知に関する事象関連電位P300に及ぼす経験の影響 The effect of driving experience on the event related potential P300 on the visual attention and perception of driving scene *稲垣 圭一郎(1)、山本 悠貴(1)、我妻 伸彦(2)、信川 創(3) 1. 中部大学、2. 東邦大学、3. 千葉工業大学 *Keiichiro Inagaki(1), Yuki Yamamoto(1), Nobuhiko Wagatsuma(2), Sou Nobukawa(3) 1. Chubu University, 2. Toho University, 3. Chiba Institute of Technology Keyword: Attention, P300, Vehicle driving, Perception Traffic accident is one of the major social issues. Recently, the number of traffic accidents is decreased due to the development of effective intelligent transport systems with recent progress in artificial intelligence. On the other hand, the accidents caused by human error such as miss perception, inattentive driving, and distracted driving, are still highly observed in daily life. 90% of information acquisition during driving is visual information. Therefore, to reduce the human visual error-related accidents, the brain signal processing regarding visual perception and attention during vehicle driving need to be uncovered. Recently we measured the EEG during perception for the artificial visual target in the driving scenes and found that the characteristics in the attention-related event-related potential P300 are varied due to the driving experience. Namely, the latency for the P300 peak amplitude becomes faster with the experience. From this finding, we hypothesized that the strategy or capacity of the visual perception is optimized by the experience. In the present study, we investigate this hypothesis through measuring EEG during the perception of ordinal traffic targets such as vehicles, road signs, and pedestrians. The 7 healthy subjects aged 19–26 years participated in the experiment. All subjects had a valid driver’s license, normal or corrected-to-normal vision. The subjects were divided into experienced and beginner drivers based on their driving frequency and the duration for which they held a driver’s license. In the experiment, we instructed the subjects to watch the traffic scene as though they were engaged in everyday driving and to direct their gaze to locations of the target such as other vehicles, road signs, and pedestrians. EEGs were measured during the perception of driving scenes. The electrodes were placed according to the Inter-national 10–20 electrode positioning system. In the analysis, we selected Cz channel located in the parietal area of the brain to assess the P300 event-related potential. In the result we confirmed that the P300 for the ordinal traffic objects as previous our study using artificial targets, while the observed amplitude for the peak response of P300 became smaller with larger variability compared to P300 responses for the artificial visual target. This difference might be arrived from the scattering of the drivers’ attention that the driver has to perceive multiple targets in one scene. 2022年6月30日　13:00～14:00　宜野湾市民体育館　ポスター会場2 1LBA-013 広域カルシウムイメージングにより明らかとなったラット視覚野の領域図および機能特性 Wide-field calcium imaging reveals area map and functional segregation of rat visual cortex *西山 佳織(1)、佐々木 薫(1)、橋本 昂之(1,3)、木村 梨絵(1,3)、西尾 奈々(1,3)、大木 研一(1,2,3) 1. 東京大学大学院医学系研究科統合生理学分野、2. 東京大学国際高等研究所ニューロインテリジェンス国際研究機構、3. Beyond AI 研究推進機構 *Kaori Nishiyama(1), Kaoru Sasaki(1), Takayuki Hashimoto(1,3), Rie Kimura(1,3), Nana Nishio(1,3), Kenichi Ohki(1,2,3) 1. Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan, 2. International Research Center for Neurointelligence (WPI-IRCN), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan, 3. Institute for AI and Beyond, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan Keyword: visual cortex, higher visual areas, functional segregation, wide-field calcium imaging Visual processing in the higher visual areas (HVAs) of primates is divided into the ventral and dorsal pathways, each responsible for representing distinct attributes of the visual scene. In mice, 9 HVAs surrounding the primary visual cortex (V1) were identified. Functional imaging of the mouse HVAs revealed that the lateral HVAs and the anterior/medial HVAs have distinct spatiotemporal selectivity, analogous to the ventral and dorsal pathways, respectively. In rats, whose visual acuity is better than mice, anatomical studies showed that the HVAs could be divided into at least 10 areas, suggesting that rats have more HVAs than mice. However, the rat HVAs have yet to be characterized functionally. Here, using retinotopy mapping with wide-field Ca2+ imaging, we identified at least 13 HVAs in the rat visual cortex and revealed the spatiotemporal selectivity of these areas. Prior to the wide-field Ca2+ imaging, we injected adeno-associated virus vectors (AAV2/9) that express GCaMP6s in the left visual cortex of neonatal rat pups. Three to four weeks after the injection, GCaMP6s expression was observed over 10 mm around the injection site. To determine the cortical locations of the rat HVAs, we performed retinotopic mapping with wide-field Ca2+ imaging in the juvenile rats (P23-26). We presented patches of drifting grating stimuli at three different horizontal positions. Cortical response maps to the three stimuli clearly revealed the retinotopic organization of V1 and HVAs, and at least 13 retinotopically distinct HVAs were identified in the imaging field. Comparing the areal organization of the HVAs between rats and mice, 4 HVAs located lateral to the V1 were found to be unique to rats. These results suggest that the rat HVAs are more parcellated than mice, especially on the lateral side. Next, to investigate the spatiotemporal selectivity of the rat HVAs, we presented drifting grating stimuli with combinations of 5 spatial and 5 temporal frequencies (SPF and TF; SPF range 0.01 – 0.16 cpd; TF range 0.5 – 8 Hz). We found that the 8 lateral HVAs, including the 4 rat-specific HVAs, exhibited the greatest response to the stimuli with high SPF, while the remaining 5 anterior/medial HVAs preferred low SPF. This suggests that the rat HVAs are functionally segregated to the ventral and dorsal pathways as in mice. Moreover, compared to mice, the presence of more HVAs especially in the ventral pathway may contribute to the superior object recognition ability of rats. 2022年6月30日　13:00～14:00　宜野湾市民体育館　ポスター会場2 1LBA-014 人工ニューラルネットワークPredNetに基づく、視覚皮質MT野の神経細胞応答のモデル化 Modelling the neuronal responses of visual area MT based on an artificial neural network (PredNet) *川﨑 康平(1)、佐々木 耕太(1)、西本 伸志(1,2) 1. 大阪大学大学院生命機能研究科、2. 情報通信研究機構 未来ICT研究所脳情報通信融合研究センター *Kouhei Kawasaki(1), Kota S Sasaki(1), Shinji Nishimoto(1,2) 1. Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 2. Center for Information and Neural Networks (CiNet), National Institute of Information and Communications Technology Keyword: MT, motion perception, encoding model The responses of single neurons in the middle temporal visual area (MT) of macaque monkeys are conventionally explained by summing motion energy features (Nishimoto and Gallant, 2011), which are essentially represented by neurons in the early visual cortex. However, MT neurons might represent more complex motion information present in natural scenes. Thus, it is arguably reasonable to explain their responses based on visual features represented in modern artificial neural networks trained with natural movies. Analyzing publicly available dataset for single neurons recorded in MT (Nishimoto and Gallant, 2018), we asked how well their responses to naturalistic movies were modeled as weighted linear summations of the unit activities (i.e., features) of an artificial neural network. To extract these features, we used PredNet (Lotter et al., 2017), which is a multi-layered artificial neural network designed to produce a future video frame on the basis of previous frames in natural movies. Each layer of PredNet is composed of an identical set of functional modules. To assess the contributions of individual PredNet modules separately, we first used the features of each module to build different models for predicting the responses of MT neurons. Here and hereafter, the accuracy of our models was evaluated as a correlation coefficient between predicted and actual responses to naturalistic movies which were not used to build them. While features in the lowest layer tended to predict the responses of MT neurons less accurately, features in higher layers predicted them with a similar accuracy. To examine whether these predictions were based on the same motion features, we then used features derived from all modules except for the lowest layer to build another model. These PredNet features predicted the responses of MT neurons as accurately as the features of individual modules, suggesting that the same motion features in different modules were used to build the above models. Finally, as a test against the conventional model, we compared performance of three models using (1) PredNet features, (2) motion energy features, and (3) a hybrid of (1) and (2). Among these, the hybrid model achieved the most accurate predictions for the responses of MT neurons. This result suggests that MT neurons contain elements which are yet to be understood besides the motion energy features. 2022年6月30日　13:00～14:00　宜野湾市民体育館　ポスター会場2 1LBA-015 発達期マウス一次視覚野6b層における視覚応答選択性 Visual response selectivity in layer 6b neurons of developing mouse primary visual cortex *米田 泰輔(1,2)、林 健二(1,2)、吉村 由美子(1,2) 1. 生理学研究所、2. 総合研究大学院大学生命科学研究科 *Taisuke Yoneda(1,2), Kenji Hayashi(1,2), Yumiko Yoshimura(1,2) 1. Natl Inst for Physiol Sci, Okazaki, Japan, 2. Sch of Life Sci, SOKENDAI, Okazaki, Japan Keyword: SUBPLATE NEURON, VISUAL CORTEX, LAYER 6, TWO-PHOTON Subplate neurons play crucial roles in the development of cortical neuronal circuits. Although a subset of them remains postnatally, their function is largely unknown. A recent study using three-photon microscopy has revealed that subplate neurons have lower orientation and direction selectivity in adult mouse primary visual cortex (V1). However, it remains unknown whether subplate neurons show the lower selectivity in juvenile animals or the lower selectivity is formed with development. In addition, spatial frequency tuning and binocular responses, fundamental components of visual functions, are not elucidated. We examined visual response in V1 layer 6b neurons, presumed subplate neurons, of 3-week-old mice. We optimized the conditions for calcium indicator expression and imaging using conventional two-photon microscopy to record the visual responses from layer 6b neurons. In a part of experiments, we confirmed that the recording layer 6b cells were subplate neurons with post hoc tissue clearing and 3D immunostaining of a subplate neuronal marker. Wide-field calcium imaging and anatomically labeled callosal projection neurons guaranteed the binocular region of V1. In addition to layer 6b, we characterized the responses properties of layer 2/3 neurons. Layer 6b neurons exhibited lower orientation and directional selectivity than layer 2/3 neurons at 3 weeks old, similar to a previous finding in adult mice. Spatial frequency was also lower in layer 6b than layer 2/3. Furthermore, the response properties between two eyes in layer 6b tended to be mismatched compared to layer 2/3. These results indicate that the lower selectivity of layer 6b is formed in the early stage of postnatal development. 2022年6月30日　13:00～14:00　宜野湾市民体育館　ポスター会場2 1LBA-016 ガボールパッチを用いた大域的回転運動錯視に対する運動残効 Motion Aftereffect Induced by Illusory Global Rotation Using Gabor Patches *満倉 英一(1)、瀬谷 安弘(1) 1. 愛知淑徳大学人間情報学部 *Eiichi Mitsukura(1), Yasuhiro Seya(1) 1. Faculty of Human Informatics, Aichi Shukutoku University, Aichi, Japan Keyword: Motion aftereffect, Global motion, Visual illusion, Gabor patch After viewing a stimulus moving in one direction (adaptation stimulus) for dozens of seconds, an observer perceives a stationary stimulus (test stimulus) as moving in the opposite direction to the adaptation stimulus motion. This phenomenon is known as motion aftereffect (MAE), It has been used to examine visual motion processing neural mechanisms. Using horizontally or vertically drifting Gabor patches to induce illusory global rotation, we have reported rotational MAE following the observation of the drifting Gabor patches. The current study aimed to fortify the previous findings by manipulating the number of Gabor patches. For this purpose, we conducted a psychophysical experiment. In the experiment, participants viewed horizontally or vertically drifting Gabor patches arranged on an imaginary square, with the exception of the vertices (i.e., adaptation stimulus) for 30 seconds. They were then presented with a solid black square (i.e., test stimulus). The number of Gabor patches—nine, five, or two—were evenly arranged on each side of the imaginary square. In the two-Gabor patch condition, the patches were presented only at the edges of each side. The participants pressed and held a key corresponding to the rotational direction (clockwise or counterclockwise) whenever they felt MAE as a result of the test stimulus. The results showed MAE even in the two-patch condition. The duration of MAE did not change with the number of Gabor patches. Our study discusses the current results in terms of neural mechanisms. 2022年6月30日　13:00～14:00　宜野湾市民体育館　ポスター会場2 1LBA-017 プレガバリンは急性及び慢性掻痒に対して鎮痒作用を示す Pregabalin exhibits antipruritic effects on acute and chronic itch. *三宅 綾乃(1)、尾山 実砂(1)、星山 歩海(1)、別宮 洸亮(1)、山田 望美(1)、渡辺 俊(1)、岩井 孝志(1)、田辺 光男(1) 1. 北里大学薬学部薬理学教室 *Ayano Miyake(1), Misa Oyama(1), Ayumi Hoshiyama(1), Kousuke Bekku(1), Nozomi Yamada(1), Shun Watanabe(1), Takashi Iwai(1), Mitsuo Tanabe(1) 1. Lab. of Pharmacol., Sch. Pharm., Kitasato Univ., Tokyo, Japan Keyword: gabapentinoids, histamine-independent , itch, pain In order to treat pruritus, therapeutic agents such as antihistamines or steroids have been used for the purpose of improving the peripheral immune system. However, due to very different etiologies of chronic itch conditions, these medications have poor outcomes and have not improved the patients’ quality of life. Since itch signals are transmitted through neural circuits partly shared with pain signals, the analgesics targeting the central nervous system including the spinal cord may also have antipruritic effects. Hence, in this study, we examined the effects of the voltage-gated Ca2+ channel α2δ ligand pregabalin, a gabapentinoid used as a first-line drug in the treatment of neuropathic pain on acute and chronic itch in mice. Intraperitoneal injection of pregabalin tended to inhibit scratching behavior induced by chloroquine (histamine-independent pruritogen) which was injected intradermally into the nape of the neck, without affecting scratching behavior induced by compound 48/80 (histamine-dependent pruritogen). Notably, pregabalin, when injected intrathecally or intracerebroventricularly, produced significant reduction of scratching behavior induced by chloroquine in this neck model of acute itch. In addition, we used the calf model in which acute itch and acute pain behaviors can be observed simultaneously in the same mouse. Intraperitoneal injection of pregabalin did not affect biting and licking behaviors reflecting itch and pain sensation, respectively, which were induced by chloroquine injection into the front of the left calf. The antipruritic effects of pregabalin were also examined under chronic itch conditions under contact dermatitis induced by applying 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzen (DNFB) repeatedly to the nape of the neck. Intraperitoneal injection of pregabalin, when used both therapeutically (applied after chronic itch have been developed) and prophylactically (applied daily twice a day), suppressed spontaneous scratching behavior and the development of chronic itch, respectively. These data suggest that pregabalin exerts antipruritic effects on histamine-independent itch through acting on the central nervous system, and it produces the antipruritic effects more strongly under the chronic itch conditions. Therefore, gabapentinoids are considered to be effective as the therapeutic agents for antihistamine-refractory chronic itch. 2022年6月30日　13:00～14:00　宜野湾市民体育館　ポスター会場2 1LBA-018 新規ガバペンチノイドミロガバリンは急性及び慢性掻痒を抑制する Mirogabalin, a novel gabapentinoid, suppresses acute and chronic itch. *星山 歩海(1)、尾山 実砂(1)、三宅 綾乃(1)、別宮 洸亮(1)、山田 望美(1)、渡辺 俊(1)、岩井 孝志(1)、田辺 光男(1) 1. 北里大学薬学部薬理学教室 *Ayumi Hoshiyama(1), Misa Oyama(1), Ayano Miyake(1), Kousuke Bekku(1), Nozomi Yamada(1), Shun Watanabe(1), Takashi Iwai(1), Mitsuo Tanabe(1) 1. Lab. of Pharmacol., Sch. Pharm., Kitasato Univ., Tokyo, Japan Keyword: gabapentinoids, histamine-independent, itch, pain Intractable chronic itch, such as atopic dermatitis, exhibits resistance to antihistamine drugs, thus it is hard to be managed. Since there are some common neural pathways shared by pain and itch signals in the central nervous system and the neuronal plastic changes play a crucial role in developing both pain and itch, the analgesic drugs targeting the central nervous system may also have antipruritic effects. Therefore, we focused on gabapentinoids, voltage-gated Ca2+ channel α2δ ligands, that are widely used to treat neuropathic pain. In the present study, the antipruritic effects of mirogabalin, a novel gabapentinoid having potent and selective binding affinities for α2δ subunits, were examined in several acute and chronic itch models. Mirogabalin, when injected intraperitoneally, suppressed scratching behavior induced by chloroquine (histamine-independent itch) but not by compound 48/80 (histamine-dependent itch) which are injected intradermally into the nape of the neck. In this neck model of acute itch, mirogabalin injected intrathecally or intracerebroventricularly also inhibited scratching behavior induced by chloroquine in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, we employed the calf model in which acute itch and acute pain behaviors can be analyzed simultaneously in the same mouse. Intraperitoneal or intracerebroventricular injection of mirogabalin depressed both biting and licking behaviors reflecting itch and pain sensation, respectively, after chloroquine injection into the front of the left calf. The antipruritic effects of mirogabalin were further explored under chronic itch conditions using a model of contact dermatitis caused by painting 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzen (DNFB) to the nape of the neck. When used prophylactically, mirogabalin injected intraperitoneally daily (twice a day) prevented the development of chronic itch. In addition, when used therapeutically, mirogabalin injected intraperitoneally after chronic itch had been developed inhibited scratching behavior. Therefore, in this study, mirogabalin suppressed histamine-independent acute itch and chronic itch, suggesting it has a potential as the therapeutic agent for antihistamine-resistant refractory pruritus. 2022年6月30日　13:00～14:00　宜野湾市民体育館　ポスター会場2 1LBA-019 皮質間トップダウン入力による体性感覚知覚の誘発 A top-down cortical circuit triggers somatosensory perception *大石 康博(1)、厚美 佑輔(1)、伊藤 圭基(1)、鈴木 崇之(1)、小田川 摩耶(1)、松原 智恵(1)、上森 寛元(1)、加藤 茂樹(2)、小林 和人(2)、小林 憲太(3)、齋藤 喜仁(1)、小林 碧(1)、村山 正宜(1) 1. 理研 脳神経科学研究センター、2. 福島県立医科大学、3. 生理研 *Yasuhiro Oisi(1), Yusuke Atsumi(1), Yoshiki Ito(1), Takayuki Suzuki(1), Maya Odagawa(1), Chie Matsubara(1), Hiroyuki Uwamori(1), Shigeki Kato(2), Kazuto Kobayashi(2), Kenta Kobayashi(3), Yoshihito Saito(1), Midori Kobayashi(1), Masanori Murayama(1) 1. RIKEN, 2. Fukushima medical Uni., Fukushima, Japan, 3. NIPS, Nagoya, Japan Keyword: Top-down, Somatosensory, Perception, Hallucination One of the fundamental challenges in cortical sensory processing is determining information flows via multiple regions underlying somatosensory perception. We previously reported a reverberating circuit consisting of a long-range reciprocal projection between the secondary motor cortex (M2) and the primary somatosensory cortex (S1). Furthermore, sensory stimulation induced sequential S1 bottom-up inputs to M2 and M2 top-down inputs to S1 patterns. Therefore, we hypothesized that the M2 top-down projection to S1 region contributes to somatosensory perception. Here, we tested this hypothesis by optogenetic and pharmacological manipulations of these areas and projections during somatosensory perceptual detection tasks. Hereafter we termed sensory stimulation-induced perception as s-perception and optogenetically induced perception without sensory stimulation as o-perception (hallucination). We found that photoinhibition of either M2, S1 region, or M2 top-down projections (i.e., M2 axon terminals) in the S1 region impaired s-perception. Photoactivation of S1 bottom-up or M2 top-down projections generated o-perception. Furthermore, photoactivation of M2 top-down projections with the M2 pharmacological inactivation could also trigger o-perception. Whereas pharmacological inactivation of the S1 region with photoactivation of S1 bottom-up pathway impaired o-perception. These results support our hypothesis that M2 top-down input to S1 region powerfully influences somatosensory perception. 2022年6月30日　13:00～14:00　宜野湾市民体育館　ポスター会場2 1LBA-020 顕微鏡搭載型機械刺激デバイスを用いた皮膚変形に対するヒトメルケル細胞応答のライブセルイメージング Live-cell imaging of the response of human Merkel cells to skin deformation induced by a microscope-mounted mechanical stimulation device. *坂口 歳斗(1,2)、堤 も絵(1)、荒川 尚美(1)、加治屋 健太朗(1)、昆陽 雅司(2) 1. 株式会社資生堂みらい開発研究所、2. 東北大学大学院情報科学研究科 *Saito Sakaguchi(1,2), Moe Tsutsumi(1), Naomi Arakawa(1), Kentaro Kajiya(1), Masashi Konyo(2) 1. Shiseido Co., Ltd MIRAI Technology Institute, 2. Grad. Sch. of Information Sciences, Tohoku Univ. Keyword: Merkel cell, Tactile sensation, Mechanosensory, touch Merkel cells (MCs) are known to sense mechanical forces applied to the skin and produce tactile sensations. It was reported that 0.5 mN of contact force with a fine needle can induce a human touch sensation and 1 um displacement of cultured MCs by glass pipette showed the direct response to the membrane stretch of these cells. However, how much skin deformation can activate MCs is still unknown. In this study, we aimed to construct an experimental system to evaluate MC response to quantitative mechanical stimuli applied to semi-intact human skin tissue. First, MCs were identified in semi-intact human skin using FFN206 and Quinacrine, which were reported to have MC specificity in the epidermis. Perfusion experiments were performed to depolarize MCs with high potassium solutions to evaluate the validity of FFN206 release used as an indicator of MC response. As a result, we confirmed FFN206 was specifically taken up by MCs in semi-intact epidermal sheets and the destaining of the FFN206 signal after 5 minutes of exposure to the high-potassium stimuli using multi-photon microscope. We then developed a device with 2 mm diameter suction holes in contact with the sample and capable of applying various negative pressure (0-40 kPa) in order to perform live-cell imaging while applying mechanical stimuli to skin samples. This mechanical stimulation can be applied to excised skin tissue and the human body. By mounting this device on a multi-photon microscope, it’s possible to deform the skin sample and observe the FFN206 signal simultaneously. To account for the effect of changes in fluorescence values due to skin variations caused by mechanical stimuli, FFN206 fluorescence values were normalized based on the other fluorescent dye observed at the same time at the same location. 5 kPa was used as the maximum presenting mechanical stimulus based on human data that the stimulus intensity is above the stimulus threshold. As a result, a decrease in normalized FFN206 fluorescence values was observed at a negative pressure intensity of 5 kPa, although this wasn’t found at 1 kPa intensity. However, whether this response is mediated through Piezo2 channel, the mechanotransduction channels of MCs, needs to be investigated further. In conclusion, the use of MC-specific indicators and the development of a unique stimulus presentation device allowed us to perform live cell imaging of MCs in semi-intact human skin tissue in response to skin deformation. 2022年6月30日　13:00～14:00　宜野湾市民体育館　ポスター会場2 1LBA-021 Contribution of auditory distance cues to size constancy in perception and grasping when visual cues are restricted *Juan Chen(1,2), Chao Zheng(1), Gexiu Wang(1) 1. School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China, 2. Key Laboratory of Brain, Cognition and Education Sciences (South China Normal University), Ministry of Education Keyword: Multisensory integration, Vision, Auditory, Grasping People need to integrate information from multiple modalities to obtain precise information about object features and spatial relationships. An extreme case for multiple sensory integrations is that when information from one source is restricted, information from other sources would have a more significant weight in the integration to compensate for the loss. Although previous studies have shown that the weighting of sensory information depends on the reliability of that information, our previous study with visual and proprioceptive information indicates that the weighting also depends on the nature of the control system (visual perceptual or visuomotor systems) employed in the tasks. Here we tested whether or not this is also the case for visual-auditory integration. We tested size constancy in perception and grasping when there were ample visual (i.e., viewing binocularly in light), restricted visual (i.e., viewed monocularly through a 1 mm hole in entirely dark), and restricted visual but some auditory distance cues. In the ample-vision condition, participants showed size constancy in both tasks. In the restricted-vision condition, size constancy was disrupted in both tasks. Interestingly, when auditory distance cues were provided in this situation, only size constancy in perception, but not in grasping, was improved, suggesting that the visual perceptual system can better use auditory information than the visuomotor system. We then trained participants to use the auditory signal to discriminate distances over seven days and tested size constancy afterward. After training, participants’ performance in distance discrimination and the size constancy in grasping were all improved, suggesting that the more reliable a cue, the more significant contribution it is to sensory integration. Taken together, we provide additional evidence that both the nature of the control system, the tasks employed, and the reliability of the cue influence the weighting of cues in multisensory integration. 2022年6月30日　13:00～14:00　宜野湾市民体育館　ポスター会場2 1LBA-022 新規Ly6/α-Neurotoxinファミリータンパク質Belly rollは、体液浸透圧依存的に痛覚を調節する The novel Ly6/α-Neurotoxin family protein, Belly roll, regulates the nociceptive transmission in response to the fluid osmolality *司 悠真(1)、Li Kai(1)、栗生 美怜(1)、前田 佳穂(2)、妻鳥 皓光(1)、馬場 俊平(1)、西村 理沙(1)、小野寺 孝興(1)、森本 高子(3)、上村 匡(1,4)、碓井 理夫(1) 1. 京都大学生命科学研究科、2. 京都大学農学部、3. 東京薬科大学、4. 京都大学生命動態研究センター *Yuma Tsukasa(1), Kai Li(1), Misato Kurio(1), Kaho Maeta(2), Akimitsu Tsumadori(1), Shumpei Baba(1), Risa Nishimura(1), Kohn Onodera(1), Takako Morimoto(3), Tadashi Uemura(1,4), Tadao Usui(1) 1. Grad Sch of Biostudies, Kyoto Univ, Kyoto, Japan, 2. Faculty of Agriculture, 3. Tokyo Univ of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan, 4. Research Center for Dynamic Living Systems, Kyoto, Japan Keyword: Nociception, Escapee behavior, Drosophila Adequate behavioral responses to noxious stimuli are essential for organismal survival. Drosophila larvae exhibit a stereotypic rolling behavior to escape from nociceptive stimuli (e.g., attacks of a parasitoid wasp; Hwang et al., 2007). Here we report that the gene belly roll (bero) negatively regulates the nociceptive escape behavior. bero encodes an Ly6/α-Neurotoxin family protein. We found that bero is expressed in the multiple interneurons in the larval central nervous system, including the abdominal leucokinin neuropeptide-producing (ABLK) neurons that respond to nociceptive stimuli and modulate the escape behavior (Hu et al., 2020). To explore the physiological roles of bero in ABLK neurons, we knocked down bero in ABLK neurons and found that the persistent neural activities were dramatically decreased while the nociceptive responses were significantly enhanced. These results imply that Bero promotes the persistent activities and suppresses the nociceptive responses in the same ABLK neurons. We next sought to understand what factors[上村匡1] modulate the persistent activity of ABLK neurons. In adult flies, ABLK neurons regulate the body fluid homeostasis (Nässel et al., 2021) and the brain LK neurons are osmosensitive (Senapati et al., 2019). Prompted by these findings, we tested whether larval ABLK neurons were also osmosensitive, and found that the elevating osmolality significantly decreased the persistent activity of larval ABLK neurons. Interestingly, ABLK neurons showed clear nociceptive responses in the high-osmolality solution. These results suggest that the persistent activity might inhibit the nociceptive responses in the same ABLK neurons. Moreover, we found that there exist osmosensitive neurons upstream of ABLK neurons and that Bero is necessary for responding to the synaptic inputs from those upstraem neurons, but not for the nociceptive responses. We will discuss the possibility that the persistent activity increases intracellular calcium levels in ABLK neurons, thereby inactivating the voltage-gated calcium channels and suppressing the nociceptive responses. 2022年6月30日　13:00～14:00　宜野湾市民体育館　ポスター会場2 1LBA-023 Shared hierarchical cross-modal processing between visual and haptic recognition: an fMRI study *Trung Quang Pham(1), Hiep Hoang Ly(2), Hiroki Ishidzuka(3), Junichi Chikazoe(1) 1. R&D Department, ARAYA Inc., Tokyo, Japan, 2. The Research into Artifacts, Center for Engineering (RACE), Univ of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan, 3. Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan Keyword: fMRI, visions, haptics, multisensory Visions and haptics share a lot of commonalities beyond their role in sensory perception. Previous studies revealed several regions of the visual system that also accounted for the haptic system. The haptic information travels from the distant mechanoreceptor to the thalamus, then to various subareas of the primary somatosensory cortex, such as Area 3b, Area 1, Area 2 (Bodegard et al., Neuron 2008). At these subareas, the information is broken into smaller features such as touch, indentation, velocity, texture, etc. The haptic representation was also found at the intraparietal sulcus (IPS) and the adjacent part of the supramarginal gyrus of the lateral occipital cortex (LOC). The LOC is known to be engaged in visual object recognition (Malach et al., PNAS 1995; Kourtzi et al., Science 2001), whereas IPS is involved in visual imagery (Deshpande et al., NeuroImage 2010; Lacey et al., Front Psychol 2014; Lacey and Sathian, 2015). Case studies on bilateral LOC lesions patients indicate that LOC is essential for both haptic and visual shape processing (James et al., Touch and Blindness: Psychology and Neuroscience, 2006b). However, the involvement of IPS was still under-debated. Hence the detailed roles of the IPS and LOC in multisensory shape processing remain unclear. In this study, we designed an experiment to identify the characteristics of the cross-modal regions during visual and haptic recognition. The participants were stimulated by a 3 x 5 in-house developed tactile array. In each session, the fragments of dot digits were sequentially displayed. Then we asked the participants to recognize the displayed dot digits. A similar experiment was conducted with visual stimulation. We used an MRI scanner (Siemens VerioA 3T) to capture blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) responses of the participants during the experiments. Using a general linear model, we confirmed the involvement of IPS and LOC during both the visual and haptic recognition. These results suggested a generic process and possibly generic representation of information in these cross-modal regions. We will investigate these aspects in future works. 2022年6月30日　13:00～14:00　宜野湾市民体育館　ポスター会場2 1LBA-024 線虫における、匂いと温度の同時刺激下における行動解析およびカルシウムイメージング Behavioral analysis and calcium imaging under simultaneous odor and temperature stimuli in C. elegans *青木 祐樹(1) 1. 理化学研究所 *Yuki Aoki(1) 1. RIKEN Keyword: Sensory integration, C. elegans, olfactory, thermosensory Most of living organisms are exposed to multiple environmental stimuli at the same time in nature. When animals sense external stimuli of heterogeneous sources, they weigh and integrate the information in their nervous system to respond appropriately. It is essential for animals to make behavior choice for survival, however, the neural and molecular mechanism of multisensory integration is still largely unknown. We use C. elegans which transparent body allows us to observe individual cells including neurons in an intact animal under the bright-field microscope or the fluorescent-microscope by expressing fluorescent proteins cell-specifically. The other important advantage of C. elegans is that its connectome, whole wiring of neurons, is revealed. This feature is really useful for the neural modeling. In addition, genetic manipulations on C. elegans is easy. C. elegans exhibits behavioral responses against various stimuli such as temperature and odors. Previous studies have revealed detail neural networks and signaling pathways that are required to produce behavior in response to each stimulus. To understand how the nervous system process multiple information, we are investigating the behavior and neural response of worms that are exposed to both temperature and odor stimuli at the same time. To examine the behavior choice of worms, we evaluated the direction of worm migration on the agar plate with thermal gradient and an odor. We also set up a microscope with auto-tracking stage that enable us to observe neural responses and locomotion of free-moving worms simultaneously with stimuli of temperature and an odor. We are currently analyzing the neural activities of sensory neurons and interneurons in order to identify the neurons and the mechanisms that drive worm behavior. These results are expected to allow us to understand the detail neural mechanisms of multi-information integration in a complicated environment. 2022年6月30日　13:00～14:00　宜野湾市民体育館　ポスター会場2 1LBA-025 サル大脳皮質MST野の神経活動は仮現運動の刺激間間隔による反転を説明する Neuronal activity in macaque cortical area MST explains reversal by inter-stimulus interval of apparent motion. *竹村 文(1)、三浦 健一郎(2) 1. 国立研究開発法人産業技術総合研究所、2. 国立研究開発法人　国立精神・神経医療研究センター *Aya Takemura(1), Kenichiro Miura(2) 1. National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 2. National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry Keyword: Monkey, Eye movements, Visual motion, Extrastriate cortex The sense of motion is analyzed by the visual system which rapidly extracts visual motion signals from dynamic visual image and is essential in recognition of our surroundings and in controlling the movements of our body and eyes appropriately. Gaze stabilization system is a good example of behavior that uses rapid extraction of visual motion. Previously, our group reported that two-frame apparent motion stimuli induced a tracking eye movement with ultra-short latency on humans (~80 ms) and monkeys (~50 ms), which is termed by ocular following response (OFR). The OFR is elicited by a sudden movement of the visual scene with ultra-short latency to play a role in stabilizing of gaze. Two-frame movies presented with an inter-stimulus interval (ISI) between the first and second frames often induce sensation of motion in the opposite direction to the actual image shift. It was reported that the OFRs toward the opposite direction to the phase-shift were observed when the ISIs were 10 ms or longer. This reverse-OFRs seems due to temporal filters with biphasic impulse response functions embedded in visual system underlying the OFR-generation. It is known the medial superior temporal (MST) area of the visual cortex is closely related to OFRs. In the present study, to understand neuronal representations underlying the reverse-OFRs, we recorded single unit activities in the MST of two monkeys (Macaca fuscata). Eye movements were recorded by the electro-magnetic induction technique. Each trial was started by presenting a small fixation spot on a gray uniform background. After the right eye was positioned within ±1.5° of the fixation spot for a brief, randomized period, a grating (spatial frequency, 0.25 cycles/°, Mickelson contrast, 32%), whose orientation was orthogonal to the axis of the preferred direction of each neuron, appeared as a background of the fixation spot as the first frame. As the second frame, a 90° step of the grating in neuron's preferred or anti-preferred direction was applied with various ISIs (0-320 ms). We found that the neuronal responses were larger when the stimulus stepped in the preferred than anti-preferred direction without ISI. However, when there were ISIs (> 10ms) this relationship was often inverted. Since the neuronal responses preceded the ocular responses, these results suggest a causal link between neuronal responses in the MST and reverse-OFRs to two-frame movies. 2022年6月30日　13:00～14:00　宜野湾市民体育館　ポスター会場2 1LBA-026 ヒトの滑動性追跡眼球運動に関わる脳領域と高髄鞘化領域の対応 Correspondence of functional cortical areas related to smooth pursuit eye movements and heavily myelinated regions *山本 哲也(1,2)、三浦 健一郎(3)、松田 圭司(4)、松本 純弥(3)、橋本 亮太(3)、小野 誠司(5)、定藤 規弘(1,2)、福永 雅喜(1,2) 1. 生理学研究所 システム脳科学研究領域 心理生理学研究部門、2. 総合研究大学院大学 生命科学研究科、3. 国立精神・神経医療研究センター 精神保健研究所 精神疾患病態研究部、4. 産業技術総合研究所 人間情報インタラクション研究部門、5. 筑波大学 体育系 *Tetsuya Yamamoto(1,2), Kenichiro Miura(3), Keiji Matsuda(4), Junya Matsumoto(3), Ryota Hashimoto(3), Seiji Ono(5), Norihiro Sadato(1,2), Masaki Fukunaga(1,2) 1. Div Cereb Integ, Dept Sys Neurosci, Natl Inst for Physiol Sci, Okazaki, Japan, 2. Sch Life Sci, The Grad Univ for Adv Stud, Hayama, Japan, 3. Dept Pathol Mental Diseases, Natl Inst of Mental Health, Natl Ctr of Neurol and Psychiat, Kodaira, Japan, 4. Hum Informat and Interact Res Inst, Natl Inst of Adv Ind Sci and Technol, Tsukuba, Japan, 5. Fac Health and Sport Sci, Univ of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan Keyword: EYE MOVEMENT, MYELINATION, SMOOTH PURSUIT, MRI Heavy myelination is seen in primary cortical areas related to visual, auditory, and somatosensory perception and motor control in humans. The same might be true of eye movement circuitries as a meta-analysis has suggested a correspondence of saccade-related areas and heavily myelinated regions (Glasser & Van Essen, 2011). We have previously studied a similar correspondence qualitatively in each individual by using smooth pursuit eye movement tasks and acquiring a series of data in compliance with the Human Connectome Project (HCP) protocol. The present study aimed to quantitatively and more precisely demonstrate this correspondence at group level. We improved individual and group analyses of fMRI data obtained from 27 subjects at 3 T in line with HCP Pipelines. For more precise mapping of smooth pursuit-related areas, three cutting-edge techniques were introduced: (1) MultiRunFIX (FMRIB’s Independent component analysis-based Xnoiseifier for multiple-run-concatenated fMRI time series data) that effectively extracted and removed noise components observed through a session in each subject, (2) MSM (Multimodal Surface Matching; Robinson et al., 2014; 2017) that minimized the inter-subject locational difference on cortical surfaces in the standard brain space using information on individual variations of myelin content, resting-state network, cortical folding pattern, and visual topography, and (3) non-parametric statistical tests using PALM (Permutation Analysis of Linear Models; Winkler et al., 2014; 2016). To quantify the correspondence, we expressed values in the group-averaged myelin content map as percentile, divided them into 100 bins, and then counted the number of significant vertices to smooth pursuit in each bin. The distribution for this count was skewed to the direction where high-ranked bins were located, indicating that smooth pursuit -related areas were biased in heavily myelinated regions. In fact, these areas included early visual areas, the middle temporal complex (MT+), frontal eye field (FEF), premotor eye field (PEF), and areas along the intraparietal sulcus. It is well known that abnormal visual tracking is often accompanied with neurological and psychiatric disorders. The present results can contribute to understanding mechanisms of these disorders in terms of structural and functional changes of these corresponding areas including their network in conjunction with changes of visual tracking performance. 2022年6月30日　13:00～14:00　宜野湾市民体育館　ポスター会場2 1LBA-027 オブジェクト情報を考慮した注視点マップ生成モデル Gazing point map generation model considering object information *大澤 祐平(1)、小濱 剛(1) 1. 近畿大学大学院生物理工学研究科 *Yuhei Ohsawa(1), Takeshi Kohama(1) 1. Graduate School of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, Wakayama, Japan Keyword: Human eye movements, Gaze prediction, Object information, Generative adversarial network Over the past few years, human eye movements have been utilized in various fields, such as man-machine interface, website design, and retail store displays. To realize these applications, demands for technology that can predict human eye movements with high accuracy are growing. However, most previous studies on gaze prediction have generated a distribution, "gazing point map," based only on image features. There are many differences in comparison with the actual human gazing point maps. Since human eye movement is greatly affected by objects in images (Einhäuser et al. 2008), it might be possible to generate more accurate gazing point maps by using image features and object information for gaze prediction processes. This study aims to examine whether adding object information to the existing gazing point map prediction model improves its performance. The base model structure should be simple in terms of modifications. We adopted SalGAN (Pan et al. 2017) as the base model because of its simple structure and high accuracy in predicting the gazing point maps. SalGAN uses two models, the Generator and the Discriminator. In this study, we modified the generator model, which consists of an encoder and a decoder and is responsible for generating the gazing point maps to add object information by inputting features that combine the encoder output and object information to the decoder model. We compared the accuracy of the proposed model and the base model using the correlation coefficient between gazing point maps of actual data and those generated from these models. The results show that the proposed model improved both the mean and mode of the correlation coefficient distribution compared to the base model. These results suggest that the addition of object information contributes to predicting more accurate human eye movements. 2022年6月30日　13:00～14:00　宜野湾市民体育館　ポスター会場2 1LBA-028 持続的注意がマイクロサッカードの方向に与える影響 The effects of sustained attention on microsaccade direction *竹下 真琴(1)、小畑 竜馬(1)、小濱 剛(1) 1. 近畿大学大学院生物理工学研究科 *Makoto Takeshita(1), Ryoma Kobata(1), Takeshi Kohama(1) 1. Graduate School of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, KindaiUniversity Keyword: FIXATION EYE MOVEMENTS, SUSTAINED ATTENTION, MICROSACCADE DIRECTION, ATTENTION DIRECTION It is well known that microsaccades and attentional states are closely related, but the relationship between the direction of microsaccades and the direction of attention remains unclear. Previous studies have shown no correlation between the direction of bottom-up attention and the direction of microsaccades (Noguchi et al., 2021). On the other hand, for top-down attention, there is a conflict between theories that find a correlation between the direction of microsaccade and the direction of attention (Laubrock et al., 2010) and those that find no correlation (Tse et al., 2006). The experimental conditions in these reports differ on whether or not sustained attention is required, suggesting that sustained attention is mandatory to generate a correlation between the direction of microsaccades and the direction of attention. In this study, to clarify the relationship between the direction of microsaccades and the direction of attention, we analyzed the direction of microsaccades elicited by sustained attention during a target detection task (Matsumoto et al., 2021) in which sustained attention can be controlled. The experiments consisted of two tasks: a top-down task and a bottom-up task. In both tasks, the target was presented at the end. The subjects, three males and four females were instructed to respond to the location of the target presentation. They confirmed that the target visibility was sufficient prior to the experiments. We detected microsaccades and identified their directions from the fixational eye movement data measured during the experiment. We examined the direction from 300[ms] to 600[ms] from the target presentation, the interval in which the frequency of microsaccades increased. The results show no significant differences between microsaccades that coincide with attention direction and those in the opposite direction for both tasks (Wilcoxon rank-sum test:p>0.05), indicating no correlation between microsaccades direction and the direction of sustained attention. 2022年6月30日　13:00～14:00　宜野湾市民体育館　ポスター会場2 1LBA-029 ヒト上肢間の伸張反射 Stretch reflex between the upper limbs in humans *村岡 哲郎(1,2) 1. 日本大学経済学部、2. ニューヨーク工科大学オステオパシー学部 *Tetsuro Muraoka(1,2) 1. Col Econ, Nihon Univ, Tokyo, Japan , 2. Col Osteo Med, NY Inst Tech, NY, USA Keyword: STRETCH REFLEX, SHORT LATENCY, INTER-LIMBS Our body parts physically interact with each other, working in coordination to achieve behavioural goals. Passively or voluntarily developed joint torque at a single joint induces joint torque at the remote joints. Thus sensory information from other joints is important to effectively coordinate multiple body parts. Our recent study demonstrated the presence of inter-limb reflex, mediated by spinal pathways, in the shoulder muscles of human participants. In the study, the reflex activity was evoked in unperturbed slightly contracted shoulder extensor by perturbing contralateral shoulder joint, while maintaining a prescribed posture against background shoulder flexion torque on both sides (i.e., shoulder extensors on both sides contracted isometrically). That is, inter-limb reflex was tested using slightly contracted homologous muscles. Therefore, the present study aimed to examine whether the inter-limb reflex could be observed between the upper limbs with contracted heteronymous muscles. Nine right-handed female (21-27 years old) participated in this study. We accomplished this by applying unexpected perturbation torque on the left shoulder, which maintained a steady posture against background shoulder extension or flexion torque, and measuring the muscle response from unperturbed isometrically contracted shoulder extensor on the contralateral side. The results clearly demonstrated the presence of the inter-limb reflex at short-latency (36-50 ms) for both using contracted homologous muscles and contracted heteronymous muscles. Shoulder flexion induced by the unexpected perturbation evoked excitatory reflex at short-latency on the contralateral unperturbed shoulder extensor independent of muscles contracted on the perturbed side, and shoulder extension evoked inhibitory reflex in a similar way. Thus, it is concluded that the inter-limb reflex is observed between the upper limbs with contracted heteronymous muscles. 2022年6月30日　13:00～14:00　宜野湾市民体育館　ポスター会場2 1LBA-030 マウス大脳皮質の運動関連領野において、第６層の皮質視床ニューロンの軸索側枝は、パルブアルブミン陽性ニューロンに優先的に神経結合する Axon collaterals of layer-6 corticothalamic neurons preferentially innervate parvalbumin-positive neurons in the motor-associated areas of mouse cortex *倉本 恵梨子(1,4)、田中 康裕(2)、日置 寛之(3,4)、後藤 哲哉(1)、金子 武嗣(4) 1. 鹿児島大学大学院　医歯学総合研究科、2. 玉川大学大学院　脳科学研究科、3. 順天堂大学　大学院医学研究科、4. 京都大学　大学院医学研究科 *Eriko Kuramoto(1,4), Yasuhiro R Tanaka(2), Hiroyuki Hioki(3,4), Tetsuya Goto(1), Takeshi Kaneko(4) 1. Grad Sch Med Den Sci, Kagoshima Univ, Kagoshima, Japan, 2. Brain Sci Institute, Tamagawa Univ, Tokyo, Japan, 3. Juntendo Univ, Grad Sch Med, Tokyo, Japan, 4. Grad Sch Med, Kyoto Univ, Kyoto, Japan Keyword: Pyamidal neuron, Parvalbumin-producing interneuron, Motor cortex, Intracellular recording Parvalbumin (PV)-producing neurons are the largest subpopulation of cortical GABAergic interneurons, which mediate lateral, feedforward, and feedback inhibition in local circuits and modulate the activity of pyramidal neurons. Clarifying the specific connectivity between pyramidal and PV neurons is essential for understanding the role of PV neurons in local circuits. In the present study, we visualized input sites (i.e., dendrites and cell bodies) of PV neurons using transgenic mice in which PV neurons specifically express membrane-targeted GFP, and intracellularly labeled local axons of 26 pyramidal neurons in layers 2–6 in acute slices of the motor-associated cortex from transgenic mice. A part of axon varicosities of the pyramidal neurons were closely apposed to the dendrites or in a few cases, the cell bodies of PV neurons (hereafter called “apposed varicosities”). Based on apposed varicosities, we mapped morphologically distribution of inputs from a pyramidal neuron to PV neurons. Layer 6 corticothalamic-like pyramidal neurons formed appositions to PV neurons at a significantly higher rate than other pyramidal neurons. The percentage of apposed varicosities to all the labeled varicosities of layer 6 corticothalamic-like neurons was 28%, and that of the other pyramidal neurons was 12%–19%. Layer 6 corticothalamic-like neurons preferentially formed appositions with PV neurons in layers 5b–6, while other pyramidal neurons uniformly formed appositions with PV neurons in all layers. Furthermore, we we found that sometimes multiple appositions were located in a dendritic branch. Here, when two or more varicosities, which were derived from a single pyramidal neuron and apposed to a single dendritic branch, were observed, we tentatively named the group of appositions “compound apposition”. We found that more than half of the apposed varicosities of layer 6 corticothalamic-like and corticocortical-like pyramidal neurons contributed to the formation of compound appositions, whereas only one-third of those of pyramidal neurons in layers 2–5 participated in compound appositions. Multiple inputs via compound appositions might be linearly integrated and contribute to rapid and reliable activation of PV neurons. In conclusion, layer 6 CT neurons may contribute to intracortical information processing through preferential connections with PV neurons in layers 5b–6. 2022年6月30日　13:00～14:00　宜野湾市民体育館　ポスター会場2 1LBA-031 定量的活動依存性マンガン造影 MRI による協調運動能力と関連した神経活動の可視化 Visualization of neural activity related to motor coordination performance using quantitative activation-induced manganese-enhanced MRI *上村 優輝(1)、松下 知佳(1)、圓見 純一郎(2,3)、田村 篤史(1)、吉岡 芳親(2,3)、小山内 実(1,2,4) 1. 大阪大学大学院医学系研究科、2. 情報通信研究機構・大阪大学　脳機能通信融合研究センター、3. 大阪大学大学院生命機能研究科、4. 東北大学大学院医学系研究科 *Yuki Uemura(1), Chika Matsushita(1), Jun-ichiro Enmi(2,3), Atsushi Tamura(1), Yoshichika Yoshioka(2,3), Makoto Osanai(1,2,4) 1. Grad Sch Med, Univ of Osaka, Osaka, Japan, 2. CiNet, NICT, Osaka, Japan, 3. Grad Sch Front Biosci, Osaka, Japan, 4. Grad Sch Med, Univ of Tohoku, Miyagi, Japan Keyword: activity mapping, motor coordination, MRI, calcium Although brain regions involved in motor coordination have been discussed, it is not clear which brain regions contribute to coordinated movement and how their neural activity contributes to coordinated motor performance. To elucidate the above issue, we recorded and analyzed the whole-brain activity during a motor coordination task using quantitative activation-induced manganese-enhanced MRI (qAIM-MRI). qAIM-MRI is a method for noninvasively mapping whole-brain activities. qAIM-MRI is based on the use of Mn2+ as a surrogate marker of Ca2+ influx. Mn2+ shortens the longitudinal relaxation time (T1) of H+, which can be quantified by MRI. Therefore, qAIM-MRI can record the history of neuronal activities. We applied qAIM-MRI to record neural activities during the rotarod test for elucidation of the relationship between the neural activities and the coordinated motor performance. Mice were divided into two groups: a control group in the home cage and a rotarod group that was subjected to the rotarod test. Comparing the control and rotarod groups showed that no brain regions showed significantly higher neural activity with the rotarod test, but several regions showed significantly lower neural activity. On the other hand, neural activity in several brain regions, including motor-related areas and the limbic system, correlated positively or negatively with the time spent on the rotarod. It is the first time to show the correlation between the neural activities in the entire brain volume and the performance of the motor coordination, and these results add further insights into the research on the motor function of the brain. 2022年6月30日　13:00～14:00　宜野湾市民体育館　ポスター会場2 1LBA-032 単一感覚ニューロンの活性化が引き起こす行動のばらつきの神経メカニズム Elucidation of neural mechanisms underlying behavioral variability induced by activation of single sensory neuron in C. elegans *松山 裕典(1)、中野 俊詩(1)、森 郁恵(1) 1. 名古屋大学　大学院理学研究科　附属ニューロサイエンス研究センター *Hironori J. Matsuyama(1), Shunji Nakano(1), Ikue Mori(1) 1. Neuroscience Institute, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan Keyword: RESPONSE VARIABILITY, BEHAVIORAL VARIABILITY, OPTOGENETICS, C. ELEGANS Unlike computers operating on deterministic logic, animals respond to surrounding environments in stochastic manners. Identifying neural basis of the stochasticity in information processing, which differentiates nervous systems from computers, provides insights into the logic behind biological computation in living organisms. The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) is a suitable model system to reveal a fundamental form of the stochastic computations in living organisms at single-cell level, due to its nervous system consisting of identifiable 302 neurons with fully solved connectivity (White et al, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B, 1986; Cook et al., Science, 2019). Previous studies on sensory-evoked behavior and neural activities in C. elegans reported that mechanosensory signals elicit variable behavior depending on animals’ behavioral context (Liu et al., eLife, 2018), and a class of interneurons shows probabilistic responses to odor stimuli depending on the state of neural network dynamics (Gordus et al., Cell, 2015). However, how the variability in sensory-evoked behavior emerges and is controlled in the circuitry remain to be elucidated. To address such a question, we investigate how a stimulation within a single sensory neuron is converted into multiple behavioral responses by using C. elegans thermosensation as a model paradigm. To subject animals to uniform sensory stimuli among experimental trials, we stimulated AFD thermosensory neurons by optogenetics. We revealed that in immobilized animals, stimulation of thermosensory neuron AFD via blue-light-gated cation channel CoChR (Klapoetke et al., Nat. Methods, 2014; Schild and Glauser, Genetics, 2015) enabled to induce deterministic neural activity in AFD thermosensory neurons. When the animals were subjected to this photo-stimulation of the single AFD neuron under freely moving condition, they appeared to exhibit variability in behavioral responses. This result suggests that a deterministic sensory signal in AFD thermosensory neuron is converted into stochastic behavioral responses in C. elegans nervous system. We are currently attempting to conduct an experiment, in which we simultaneously monitor AFD photoactivation-evoked behavior and AFD calcium responses, while tracking a freely-moving animal. 2022年6月30日　13:00～14:00　宜野湾市民体育館　ポスター会場2 1LBA-033 視覚刺激と共役されたサル一次運動野の光遺伝学的活性によるβ振動の位相変調 Phase modulations of the β oscillation by optogenetic activations in the monkey primary motor cortex coupled with visual stimulus *渡辺 秀典(1)、Kazutaka Takahashi(2)、Kobayashi Kobayashi(3,4)、Nicholas G. Hatsopoulos(2)、Hajime Mushiake(1) 1. 東北大学、2. シカゴ大学、3. 生理学研究所、4. 総研大 *Hidenori Watanabe(1), Kazutaka Takahashi(2), Kobayashi Kobayashi(3,4), Nicholas G. Hatsopoulos(2), Hajime Mushiake(1) 1. Tohoku University, 2. The University of Chicago, 3. National Institute for Physiological Sciences, 4. The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI) Keyword: β oscillation, Primary motor cortex, Visual stimulus, Optogenetics The primary motor cortex is directly involved in motor control, while it is known to respond to sensory stimuli. It has been reported that phase of the β oscillations in the motor cortex are locked by visual stimulus in the resting period during the behavioral tasks. It gives us a possibility that the visual information is reflected in the β oscillation of the motor cortex, but it is not clear whether intrinsic neural networks of the motor cortex have a dynamic for processing the visual information. Here, we examine the existence of network dynamics for the visual processing in the monkey motor cortex by measure the modulation of the phase locking (PL) of the β oscillations by ontogenetically neural activations coupled with visual stimulus. The monkey was trained to control a cursor onto a screen to use a single arm to perform a reaching. The monkey kept the cursor at resting targets for at least 3.4 seconds as an awake resting state before target-cue randomly indicating one of the three positions, then reached to the target. The color of the resting target was changed as visual stimulus during the resting state. A 128-channel electrode arrays with optic fiber (Matrix Array, NeuroNexus, US) were chronically implanted in the M1 forelimb region after AAV vectors carrying CAG-hChR2(H134R)/EYFP were injected into the same region. The array consisted of an ECoG grid(32 channels) and a 3D intracortical local filed potential (LFP) probes(96 channels). The optic fiber protruded 0.8 mm from the platform. The optogenetic stimulation (11 trains with 10ms intervals) was applied at the onset of the visual stimulus for coherence of β PL. Network dynamics in the motor cortex was evaluated by the PL scores of LFP at the β frequency range after the end of the optogenetic stimuli across task trials. Prominent increasing of β oscillation in the resting state, as a task-relevant signal in the motor cortex, appeared above 40% of all channels. Optical stimulation induced evoked potentials in 33% of all the channels, and those channels had uniform distribution apart distance from optic fiber in the motor cortex. For the task-relevant channels with the optical stimulation responding, the PLs enhanced significantly in according to ones in the task trials without the stimulation (N=29, U-test, p<0.05). Temporal profiles of the PL scores were different between the task-relevant and task-irrelevant channels with responding to the optogenetic stimulation. Through this experiment, the cursor trajectories kept in the resting targets after the optogenetic stimuli, and those neural responses were subthreshold activities in the primary motor cortex for the arm movement. Our result gives a possibility that the primary motor cortex has a network dynamic in the β frequency ranges as a visual information processing manner. 2022年6月30日　13:00～14:00　宜野湾市民体育館　ポスター会場2 1LBA-034 前頭眼野および運動前野の事象に関連した皮質脳波のphase-amplitude couplingと試行間位相コヒーレンス Event related phase-amplitude coupling and inter-trial phase coherence in ECoG at the frontal eye field and premotor cortex *張替 宗介(1,2)、渡辺 秀典(1)、虫明 元(1)、青木 正志(2) 1. 東北大学大学院　医学系研究科・医学部、2. 東北大学病院　脳神経内科 *Sosuke Harigae(1,2), Hidenori Watanabe(1), Hajime Mushiake(1), Masashi Aoki(2) 1. Tohoku University School of Medicine, 2. Tohoku University Hospital, Department of Neurology Keyword: FRONTAL EYE FIELD, PREMOTOR CORTEX, INTER-TRIAL PHASE COHERENCE, PHASE-AMPLITUDE COUPLING For the motor control, the frontal lobe involve parallelly or serially information processing from the preparing to executing movements. The frontal eye field (FEF) and the premotor cortex (PM) are responsible for processing visual stimulus and motor planning during behavioral tasks, respectively. It is, however, few reports about temporal relationships between these areas by simultaneous neural recording. Here, we show a temporal processing manner of these areas in monkey brain during a reaching task. Two monkeys kept the single hand at the resting position for two seconds after an appearance of visual instruction target-cue which randomly indicates one of the two positions. Monkeys reached towards the target from the resting position after an acoustic go-cue. Thirty-two channel ECoG arrays (Matrix Array, NeuroNexus, MI, US) were placed surgically over FEF and PM in frontal lobe of each monkeys. FEF and PM were anatomically identified during implantation surgeries. The amplitude and the phase of ECoG in FEF and PM at visual stimulus were evaluated as task-related signals by frequency analysis. The amplitude of the γ frequency-band signals in both FEF and PM increased after onsets of the visual cues. For channels with prominent activities in these areas, the transient increases of amplitude at the γ frequency-band signals were coupled with phases at the δ, θ, α frequency-band signals across trials. Inter-trial phase coherence(ITC) increased in the δ and α frequency-band signals at almost the same timing in the two regions in response to visual stimulus. On the other hand, temporal profiles of the ITC at the θ frequency-band signals in PM were followed by ones in FEF. These results suggest that the phase-amplitude coupling across γ and δ to α frequency-band signals and the phase of θ frequency-band signals reflect parallel and serial processing under converting visual information into motor planning, respectively. 2022年6月30日　13:00～14:00　宜野湾市民体育館　ポスター会場2 1LBA-035 脊髄損傷サルの非麻痺手刺激時の皮質活動変化：縦断的fMRI研究 Changes in cortical response to non-paretic hand stimulation in monkeys after spinal cord injury: a longitudinal fMRI study *當山 峰道(1,2)、山口 玲欧奈(3)、郷田 直一(1)、山本 哲也(1)、伊佐 かおる(4)、定藤 規弘(1)、伊佐 正(3,4)、福永 雅喜(1) 1. 大学共同利用機関法人　自然科学研究機構生理学研究所　システム脳科学研究領域　心理生理学研究部門、2. 藤田医科大学医学部　リハビリテーション医学I講座、3. 京都大学高等研究院　ヒト生物学高等研究拠点（WPI-ASHBi）、4. 京都大学大学院医学研究科　高次脳科学講座　神経生物学分野 *Takamichi Tohyama(1,2), Reona Yamaguchi(3), Naokazu Goda(1), Tetsuya Yamamoto(1), Kaoru Isa(4), Norihiro Sadoto(1), Tadashi Isa(3,4), Masaki Fukunaga(1) 1. Dept of Syst Neurosci, NIPS, Okazaki, Japan, 2. Dept of Rehabil Med I, Sch of Med, Fujita Health Univ, Toyoake, Japan, 3. Inst for the Adv Stud of Hum Biol (WPI-ASHBi), Kyoto Univ, Kyoto, Japan, 4. Dept of Neurosci, Grad Sch Med, Kyoto Univ, Kyoto, Japan Keyword: brain plasticity, sensory processing, functional brain imaging, primates Spinal cord injury disrupts integrity of the sensory-motor system. Reorganization of motor and premotor cortices contributes to recovery of hand dexterity in monkeys after corticospinal tract lesions, but little is known about the relevance of somatosensory-related reorganization to behavioral changes after spinal cord injury. Here, we examined longitudinal fMRI changes in activation during tactile stimulation of affected and unaffected hands, and changes in resting-state connectivity, combined with observation of dexterous hand movements after spinal cord injury. Six macaque monkeys were trained to perform a food retrieval task. The spinal cords were subhemisected at C6/C7 or C5/C6. After an initial paralysis of the ipsilesional hand, the average of success rate reached to 80% around 1 month after lesion, after which it was gradually recovered until 4 months after lesion, except for one monkey with an extensive lesion to the dorsal column. Under anesthetization with 0.8−1.0% isoflurane, fMRI data were acquired every week on a 3T head-only MRI scanner with a custom-built monkey head coil. Activation intensity in the area 3a/b was increased in response to stimulation of the non-paretic but not paretic hand for 1 month after lesion. In five monkeys with fair recovery, increased activation of the posterior parietal cortex extending to visual areas during stimulation of the non-paretic hand was observed for 2 months after lesion, and then disappeared. In contrast, in the monkey with poor recovery, relatively extensive post-lesion activation in response to stimulation of the non-paretic hand was observed, which peaked in the posterior cingulate cortex. These findings suggest that cortical responses to stimulation of the non-paretic hand is likely to be time- and severity-dependent. A probability map revealed that changes in activation of the lateral intraparietal sulci and dorsal V4 during stimulation of the non-paretic hand were inversely associated with success rate in three or more of six monkeys. This might be supported by a finding that changes in resting-state, local and interhemispheric connectivity within and adjacent to the lateral intraparietal sulci were associated with recovery of movement efficiency. These findings demonstrate that representation of non-paretic hand can reflect paretic hand performance after lesion. The coordination of visual, somatosensory, and motor systems based on cortical plasticity may work after spinal cord injury. 2022年6月30日　13:00～14:00　宜野湾市民体育館　ポスター会場2 1LBA-036 ジュウシマツの大脳基底核における聴覚発声ニューロン Audio-vocal mirror neuron in the basal ganglia in Bengalese finches *鈴木 祐佳(1)、柳原 真(2)、岡ノ谷 一夫(2,1) 1. 東京大学大学院総合文化研究科、2. 帝京大学先端総合研究機構 *Yuka Suzuki(1), Shin Yanagihara(2), Kazuo Okanoya(2,1) 1. Grad Sch Arts and Sciences, Univ of Tokyo, Japan, 2. Advanced Comprehensive Research Organization, Teikyo Univ, Tokyo, Japan Keyword: basal ganglia, songbird, audio-vocal mirror neuron, vocal learning Songbirds learn a song by memorizing their tutor’s song and imitating the song when they are juveniles. From the lesion study, it is known that the cortico-basal ganglia circuitry is necessary for songbirds to learn a song. A part of premotor nucleus neurons (HVCx neurons), which project to the part of basal ganglia (Area X) fire both when the bird is singing and when it is listening to the bird’s own song. These ‘audio-vocal mirror neurons’ may have important roles to integrate auditory and vocal-motor information in the process of vocal leaning. Since HVCx neurons are primary source of inputs to the Area X, we would expect to find neurons that exhibit both auditory responses and singing-related activity in Area X. To determine whether such audio-vocal mirror neurons are present in Area X, we recorded extracellular neural activity of neurons in Area X in freely behaving Bengalese finches. As a result, we found two types of audio-vocal mirror neurons in Area X. One type of neurons fired at the specific syllable timing when the bird was singing and when it was listening to its own song. These neurons were classified as putative striatum medium spiny neurons (MSNs), which receive input from HVC. The other type of neurons increased its firing rate when the bird was singing and when it was listening to its own song, but the auditory responses were behavioral state dependent. These neurons exhibited auditory responses during sleep, while the same neurons did not show auditory responses when the bird was listening to its own song during wakefulness. These neurons were classified as internal globus pallidus (GPi) neurons, which are the output of Area X to the thalamic nucleus. In summary, different neuron types in Area X have distinct audio-vocal mirror neuron properties, and auditory responsiveness in Area X change dynamically depending on the behavioral state of the animal, such as sleep/wakefulness. These results suggest that the process to integrate auditory and vocal-motor information takes place in Area X and the process is modulated by arousal levels. 2022年6月30日　13:00～14:00　宜野湾市民体育館　ポスター会場2 1LBA-037 異なる感覚へ向ける注意が言語の脳内意味表現へ与える影響 Influence of attention selectivity on the semantic representation of language in the brain *奥野 綾音(1)、山口 裕人(1,2)、中井 智也(2,3)、西本 伸志(1,2) 1. 大阪大学 大学院生命機能研究科、2. 情報通信研究機構 未来ICT研究所脳情報通信融合研究センター、3. リヨン神経科学研究センター *Ayane Okuno(1), Hiroto Q Yamaguchi(1,2), Tomoya Nakai(2,3), Shinji Nishimoto(1,2) 1. Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 2. Center for Information and Neural Networks (CiNet), National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, 3. Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM Keyword: fMRI, decoding We often receive linguistic information simultaneously in multiple modalities (e.g., vision and audio). In such cases, we understand the semantic content by attending to one of the modalities. Previous research has shown that selective attention on a specific stimulus modality modulates cortical activity patterns (Nakai et al., Cerebral Cortex 2021). However, it has been unclear which semantic information is reflected in brain activity by selective attention. 　In this study, we investigated two questions: (1) When two linguistic information in multiple modalities were simultaneously presented, does the selective attention enhance semantic representations in the brain? (2) Is the semantic content reflected in brain activity common to different modalities? We investigated these questions by decoding the semantic content from the brain activity (fMRI recordings) of six subjects who were presented with linguistic stimuli in a single modality or two modalities simultaneously. We used Wikipedia2Vec to extract the semantic content. It converts the words in the presented sentences into vectors with 300 semantic features each. In order to decode the semantic content derived from visual and auditory stimuli, we trained decoding models for each modality, using L2-regularized linear regression. 　First, we successfully decoded semantic contents from brain activity when subjects were presented with stimuli in a single modality. A positive correlation was found between the decoding accuracy of features in two modalities. Next, we decoded semantic contents using these models when subjects were presented with stimuli in multiple modalities simultaneously. Decoding accuracy was higher for the semantic contents of attended stimuli than the ignored stimuli. Furthermore, a positive correlation was found between the decoding accuracy of semantic features in different modalities for the attended stimuli. In contrast, for the ignored stimuli, no correlation was found across modalities. 　These results indicate that selective attention on a specific modality enhances semantic representation in the brain and that the semantic features affected by the selective attention are similar across modalities.This suggests that attended information was strongly reflected in brain activity in these modality-independent semantic dimensions and promoted comprehension, while ignored information was not reflected in brain activity in these common semantic dimensions and suppressed comprehension. 2022年6月30日　13:00～14:00　宜野湾市民体育館　ポスター会場2 1LBA-038 XGBoostを用いたサルの皮質脳波に基づく前肢筋活動デコーディングの検討 XGBoost algorithm offers accurate prediction of forelimb muscle activity from electrocorticograms in monkeys *伊勢崎 隆司(1)、鈴木 迪諒(2)、青木 良輔(1)、小池 幸生(1)、西村 幸男(2) 1. NTT人間情報研究所、2. 東京都医学総合研究所 脳神経科学分野 脳機能再建プロジェクト *Takashi Isezaki(1), Michiaki Suzuki(2), Ryosuke Aoki(1), Yukio Koike(1), Yukio Nishimura(2) 1. NTT Human Informatics Laboratories, Kanagawa, Japan, 2. Neural Prosthetics Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya, Tokyo, 156-8506, Japan. Keyword: Decoding, Electrocorticography, XGBoost Brain machine interfaces (BMIs) can help individuals who lost their limb or paralysis the ability to interact to interact with environments. Electrocorticography (ECoG) is a well-balanced approach for BMIs because it's less invasive recording and high information. Previous studies have succeeded in decoding continuous muscle activity from ECoG using linear regression algorithms. However, not only linear relationships but also nonlinear one between cortical and muscle activity exist suggesting that nonlinear decoding is also needed to be considered for implementation of BMIs in real-life. We recorded ECoG signals from the forelimb territory on premotor, primary motor and somatosensory areas and muscle activities in the forelimb simultaneously while monkeys performed reaching and grasping task. Temporal patterns of rectified muscle activity were predicted from the 15 or 14 channel ECoG signals using a nonlinear algorithm "XGBoost" that has drawn attention in the machine learning domain. We then compared the decoding accuracy of XGBoost algorithm to a nonlinear algorithm, the sparse linear regression (SLiR). We investigated decoding accuracy during whole task phases including rest and movement phases. Decoding results obtained from XGBoost showed lower normalized root-mean-square error (nRMSE) and higher correlation coefficient (CC) that those obtained from SLiR in 11 of 14 muscles in monkey D. The XGBoost algorithm improved the accuracy of predicting muscle activity of monkey D and T by 7.1% and 7.9%, respectively. Analysis focusing on the task phase showed that XGBoost has significantly smaller errors than SLiR, not only in the movement phase but also in the rest phase. We further investigated the decoding accuracy of EMG bursts. The error of maximum amplitude in the XGBoost was significantly lower than that of SliR algorithms in 11 out of 14 muscles, while timing errors of maximum amplitude in XGBoost were identical with those in SLiR in monkey D. Thus, the XGBoost algorithm showed better performance for prediction of muscle activities during voluntary movements which have both rest and movements phases. These results suggest that the XGBoost algorithm may be able to directly and accurately control external devices such as robot arms in real-time, rather than discrete command-based or threshold-based control. 2022年6月30日　13:00～14:00　宜野湾市民体育館　ポスター会場2 1LBA-039 運動学習の習熟に関係する脳波パワースペクトルの変化 EEG Power Spectra Changes with the Proficiency of Motor Learning *濱田 裕幸(1)、温 文(1)、川﨑 翼(2)、山下 淳(1)、淺間 一(1) 1. 東京大学、2. 東京国際大学 *Hiroyuki Hamada(1), Wen Wen(1), Tsubasa Kawasaki(2), Atsushi Yamashita(1), Hajime Asama(1) 1. The University of Tokyo, 2. Tokyo International University Keyword: MOTOR LEARNING, EEG, POWER SPECTRA, NEURAL OSCILLATION Neuromodulation techniques for modulating brain activity can affect performance in a variety of behaviors. Techniques including transcranial alternating current stimulation and random noise stimulation modulate neural oscillations. However, the intervention effect of neuromodulation approaches on motor learning is unclear, partly because the electroencephalography (EEG) power spectra associated with the motor learning has not yet been fully understood. Therefore, we investigated the EEG power spectra in the process of motor learning in right-handed healthy participants. The motor task was a ball-rotation task in which participants rotated two balls in the palm of their left hand. Participants performed a pre-test, the motor learning tasks, and a post-test. In the motor learning tasks, twenty 60-sec trials were performed in the clockwise (CW) direction. Before and after the motor learning tasks, CW and counterclockwise (CCW; control condition) tasks were performed for 60 sec each as pre- and post-tests. EEG was recorded during the tests and tasks, and the power spectra in the alpha, beta, and low- and high-gamma bands were compared between pre- and post-tests. In addition, dipole localization estimation was conducted to estimate the active regions where changes were observed. The results showed that in the CW post-test, the power of the low- and high-gamma band in the left lateral parietal areas and the right frontal area was significantly higher power than in the pre-test. In the CCW, there was no significant difference in each band at each area between the pre- and post-tests. Our findings revealed the EEG spectra changes associated with the motor learning. These results may help to provide effective neuromodulation approaches to modifying performance and neural oscillations in motor learning process, including in rehabilitation fields. 2022年6月30日　13:00～14:00　宜野湾市民体育館　ポスター会場2 1LBA-040 高プレッシャー下でのパフォーマンス低下の神経基盤: 7 テスラ MRI を用いた検討 Neural substrates of choking under pressure – A 7T-fMRI study *小笠原 香苗(1)、小池 耕彦(1)、福永 雅喜(1)、吉岡 歩(1)、定藤 規弘(1) 1. 生理学研究所　システム脳科学研究領域 *Kanae Ogasawara(1), Takahiko Koike(1), Masaki Fukunaga(1), Ayumi Yoshioka(1), Norihiro Sadato(1) 1. National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Department of System Neuroscience Keyword: choking under pressure, arousal, motor performance, 7T-fMRI INTRODUCTION The decrease in performance under psychological pressure is known as ‘choking’ (Baumeister, 1984). While it is thought that an excessive arousal level due to psychological pressure causes choking, its underlying mechanisms and neural basis are still unknown. We conducted a fMRI study with 7-T machine using high-stakes scenarios (Smoulder et al., 2021). Participants underwent bimanual reaching tasks in which they knew in advance the amount of the reward to receive upon success. There were four conditions with different rewards: None (N), Small (S), Large (L), and Jackpot (J). The reward under the J-condition, an infrequent event, was more than 10 times higher value than the L-condition. Therefore, we expected the J-condition to provide high psychological pressure. RESULTS In the J-condition, success rate was significantly lower, and arousal level measured by pupil diameter was higher than in other three conditions. The subjective report also showed that participants felt higher psychological pressure in J-condition. Neuroimaging data revealed neural basis of task-related areas that is activated in N-condition (tasks without reward): the visual-parieto-premotor network with cerebellar involvement. On the other hand, the neural basis of arousal areas that is activated in J-condition contrasted with L-condition showed extensive activation in the anterior insular cortex (AIC), anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), basal forebrain, midbrain, cerebellum, and the parieto-prefrontal cortices. These areas did not overlap with task-related areas. DISCUSSION Behavioral results indicate successful induction of choking. Correspondingly, the J-condition activated the limbic structures, including the AIC and ACC, which regulate sympathetic nervous system response to cognitive activity or emotional feelings via the hypothalamus and brainstem. The AIC and ACC also constitute a salience network that detects salient events and switches between other large-scale networks to facilitate access to attention resources towards the salient events. The excessive arousal leads to explicit monitoring to self (Wegner et al., 1980) which is one factor in decrement of performance (Beilock & Carr, 2001). Thus, the task-irrelevant fronto-parietal network that J-condition activated may be what the salience network switched to, representing the explicit monitoring of performance, leading to the decline in performance. These findings suggest that the salience network is pivotal in choking. 2022年6月30日　13:00～14:00　宜野湾市民体育館　ポスター会場2 1LBA-041 広視野高解像度カルシウムイメージングによるマウスの複数の皮質領域にわたる機能マップの解析 Functional organization over multiple cortical areas in mice revealed by wide-field single-cell resolution calcium imaging *北園 淳(1)、大本 育実(2)、清岡 大毅(1)、村山 正宜(2)、大泉 匡史(1) 1. 東京大学大学院総合文化研究科、2. 理化学研究所脳神経科学研究センター *Jun Kitazono(1), Ikumi Oomoto(2), Daiki Kiyooka(1), Masanori Murayama(2), Masafumi Oizumi(1) 1. Grad Sch Arts and Sci, Univ of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan, 2. Center for Brain Science, RIKEN, Saitama, Japan Keyword: functional organization, topographic map, salt-and-pepper map, wide-field calcium imaging In the cerebral cortex, neurons are arranged in a spatially ordered manner according to their function, in that neighboring neurons have similar functions. This functionally ordered organization is called topographic maps. Meanwhile, it has been revealed that some cortical areas in the rodent and the primate are not topographic but are rather randomly organized on a fine scale of single-cell resolution, though they are topographic on a large scale of cell populations. This functionally random organization is called salt-and-pepper maps. This dual structure, topographic on a large scale and salt-and-pepper on a fine scale organization, has been identified in multiple cortical areas separately in the rodent. However, it is still unknown whether this functional organization is a unifying principle throughout the cerebral cortex in the rodent. Here, we investigated the functional organization of the wide field of the cerebral cortex in mice. We measured the spontaneous activity of cells by in vivo wide-field calcium imaging. The size of the imaging field was 3 mm square enabling simultaneous recording of activity of over 16,000 cells across multiple cortical areas, i.e., the motor, somatosensory, visual, and retrosplenial areas (Ota et al., 2021, Neuron). We compared the spontaneous activities of cells by calculating the correlation between the activities and examined how the cells with similar activity time courses were arranged along the cortical surface. We found that the functional organization was in a salt-and-pepper manner over the different cortical areas: clustering analysis revealed that highly correlated and anti-correlated cells were spatially intermingled throughout the entire imaging field, and high correlation was observed even between distant neurons in different cortical areas. In contrast, when the activity of cells was spatially coarse-grained by averaging the activity of nearby cells, we found that the functional organization became topographic. In addition, we found that this topographic organization became more pronounced as we increased the scale of coarse-graining. These results suggest that neurons operate in a spatially ordered manner at large scales, while in a heterogeneous and distributed manner at fine scales. 2022年6月30日　13:00～14:00　宜野湾市民体育館　ポスター会場2 1LBA-042 Comparison of natural food and junk food on neuro behavourial acitivites inlcuding CNS depression *Naqvi Sara(1)、Raza Dr. Liaqat(2) *Sara Naqvi(1), Dr. Liaqat Raza(2) 1. University of karachi, 2. Dept of Health Management, IoBM Keyword: Natural products, Junk, Banana , anti depressant Comparison of natural food and junk food on neuro behavourial acitivites inlcuding CNS depression Abstract: There is an emerging evidence that eating highly attractive, nutritionally deficient "junk food" diets on a regular basis can lead to cognitive and behavioral problems. Diet based on natural products are the best remedy for number of neurodegenerative diseases including depression. Musa paradisiaca Linn. (Banana) belonging to the family Musaceae, enriched in Carbohydrates, Catecholamines, tryptophan, indoles, flavonoids, pectin, vitamin C, B-vitamins, albuminoids and fats. Numerous in vitro, animal models, and clinical investigations suggested that banana has a potential to treat disorders such as diabetes, hypertension, cancer, ulcers, diarrhoea, urolithiasis, Alzheimer's, and infections. The aim of this study was to correlate anti-depressant effects of natural food and junk food available in local market. Elevated plus maze (EPM) test and light dark activity (LDA) test were performed to measure anxiety while Forced swimming test was performed to determine depression. Morris water maze test was conducted to assess cognitive abilities. Data on behavioral (MWM, LDA, EPM and FST) by one-way (ANOVA) followed by Post hoc analysis was performed by Tukey’s test. One way ANOVA for all the behavorial studies showed showed significant effects (p<0.05). Tukey’s test showed that administration of natural product enhanced the memory (MWM) entries in light box were increased in banana than control and decrease entries in animal administered junk food, time spent in open arm was increased in natural product than control and decrease than junk groups (LDA) and time spent in open arm was increased in natural product than control and decrease than junk groups (EPM) and immobility time was increased in both junk food treated animals than control and natural product treated (LDA). Our study concluded that junk food negatively affect behavioral studies induces depression and cause of decrease in cognitive skills while natural food enriched in flavonoids possess health promising effects. Despite the fact that society's obsession with junk food is growing, it should be avoided in order to preserve health. Rather than eating this type of food, one should include more fruits and vegetables in one's diet because they are high in nutrients such as proteins, vitamins, and fibres and are easier to digest. Natural products have beneficial impact over anxiety, depression, learning and memory processes Therefore, in the present study, we have concluded that natural product have antianxiety, antidepressant and memory enhancing effects while junk food entirely reverse effects. 2022年6月30日　13:00～14:00　宜野湾市民体育館　ポスター会場2 1LBA-097 Association between Anterior Cingulate Cortex connectivity and anti-suicidal response to repeated-dose ketamine in treatment-resistant depression *Zhang Bin(1)、Chen Xiaoyu (1) *Bin Zhang(1), Xiaoyu Chen(1) 1. Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University Keyword: Ketamine, Depression, Suicide, Cingulate cortex Elucidating the neurobiological mechanisms of suicidal ideation (SI) in depression will help to provide prevention strategies for suicide. Previous studies have demonstrated that ketamine can rapidly decrease SI within hours. Anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) plays an important role in depression, however, its role in suicidal ideation has scarcely ever to be reported. Thus, we aim to explore the neural correlation of reductions in SI after ketamine infusion with the functional alterations of cingulate cortex sub-regions in depression. Forty unipolar or bipolar depressed patients with suicidal ideation received six intravenous infusions of ketamine (0.5mg/kg) over 2 weeks. Brain resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) data were collected at baseline and day13. Four pairs of sub-regions of the rostral cingulate cortex were selected: the subgenual ACC (sgACC), the pregenual ACC (pgACC), the anterior MCC (aMCC) and the posterior MCC (pMCC), and the whole-brain FC for each seed regions was calculated. Compared with the nonresponders, the responders exhibited increased FC between the right pgACC-left middle occipital gyrus, right aMCC-right postcentral gyrus and right aMCC-left postcentral gyrus at baseline. The arear under the curve (AUC=0.91) proved a good accuracy of the combination of the above between-group differential FC as a predictor of acute anti-suicidal response. Moreover, reductions in SSI scores after ketamine infusion were positively correlated with the augmented FC between the right pgACC-left middle occipital gyrus in responders (r=0.66, p=0.001). Our findings demonstrated that the FC of some cingulate cortex sub-regions are predictive of anti-suicidal response to ketamine, and the potential anti-suicidal mechanism of ketamine may be via enhancing the FC between the right pgACC and the left middle occipital gyrus.