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ポスター C. 感覚系と運動系 C. Sensory and Motor Systems 2022年7月1日　11:00～12:00　沖縄コンベンションセンター 展示棟　ポスター会場1 2P-179 線虫Caenorhabditis elegansの低温耐性におけるDEG/ENaCおよびGPCR温度受容体の同定 Identification of DEG/ENaC and GPCR temperature receptors underlying cold tolerance in Caenorhabditis elegans *久原 篤(1,2)、大西 康平(1)、太田 茜(1) 1. 甲南大学統合ニューロバイオロジー研究所、2. PRIME, AMED *Atsushi Kuhara(1,2), Kohei Ohnishi(1), Akane Ohta(1) 1. Konan University, 2. PRIME, AMED Keyword: C. elegans, thermosensation, cold tolerance, DEG/ENaC Temperature is a physical stimulus related to the survival and prosperity of life. We have been analyzing the temperature response mechanism underlying cold tolerance and temperature acclimation of nematode C. elegans. Two pairs of thermosensory neurons in the head have been found to regulate cold tolerance(Ohta et al Nature commun, 2014; Sonoda et al, Cell reports, 2016; Ujisawa et al, PNAS, 2018; Okahata et al., Science Advances, 2019; Ohnishi et al., Scientific reports, 2020). However, thermoreceptors that regulate cold tolerance have not been identified. Here, we report a novel concept that the mechanoreceptor Degenerin/Epithelial Na+ Channel (DEG/ENaC), which is also present in humans, functions as a thermoreceptor in the head sensory neurons of C. elegans to regulate body cold tolerance. We found a responsible gene of a novel cold tolerance mutant, which encodes xanthine dehydrogenase XDH-1. XDH-1 regulates cold tolerance in two interneurons, AIN and AVH. These two interneurons are regulated by ASG sensory neurons expressing mechanoreceptors, and Ca2+ imaging suggests that the mechanoreceptor DEG-1 is involved in the temperature responsiveness of ASGs. When DEG-1 was ectopically expressed in warm-insensitive ASER gustatory neurons, DEG-1-expressing ASEs became temperature-sensitive. Furthermore, the electrophysiological analysis with Xenopus oocytes suggested that DEG-1 and its human homologue MDEG can influx Na+ ions upon specific temperature stimulation. These results suggest that human and worm DEG-type Na+ channels act as a thermoreceptors, and that DEG-1 alters the cold tolerance of C. elegans body via temperature sensation in only one pair of sensory neurons (Takagaki et al., EMBO rep, 2020). Recently, we also found a GPCR-type thermoreceptors in cold tolerance of C. elegans. 2022年7月1日　11:00～12:00　沖縄コンベンションセンター 展示棟　ポスター会場1 2P-180 マウス嗅神経の符号化を制御するイオンチャネル機構 Intrinsic ion channels regulating information transfer in mouse olfactory sensory neurons *野口 智弘(1)、笹島　 仁(2)、宮園 貞治(2)、髙橋 未来(1)、千葉 龍介(1)、高草木 薫(1) 1. 旭川医科大学生理学講座神経機能分野、2. 旭川医科大学教育研究推進センター *Tomohiro Noguchi(1), Hitoshi Sasajima(2), Sadaharu Miyazono(2), Mirai Takahashi(1), Ryosuke Chiba(1), Kaoru Takakusaki(1) 1. Div Neurosci, Dept Physiol, Asahikawa Med Univ, Asahikawa, Japan, 2. Cent Adv Res Edu, Asahikawa Med Univ, Asahikawa, Japan Keyword: Olfactory sensory neurons, Vomeronasal sensory neurons, Excitability, Patch clamp The olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) projecting their axons to the main olfactory bulbs constitute a parallel olfactory pathway with the vomeronasal sensory neurons (VSNs) projecting their axons to the accessory olfactory bulbs. A certain kind of odorants and pheromones simultaneously activates the main olfactory bulbs and the accessory bulbs. Previously, we have demonstrated that the speed of information processing in the main olfactory bulbs is comparable to that in the accessory olfactory bulbs, which raised a hypothesis that OSNs and VSNs are simultaneous driven to detect common signals. However, physiological significance of parallel processing by OSNs and VSNs remains unclear. Recently, our patch-clamp study revealed phasic firing of the OSNs and tonic firing of the VSNs elicited by current injection. Information analyses on spike encoding showed a complementary manner of the information transfer of OSNs and VSNs. Phasic firing of OSNs can convey information of sinusoidal current stimulus with low amplitude in short cycle duration but tonic firing of VSNs can encode that in long cycle duration. It suggests that the characteristic firing pattern of OSNs and VSNs cooperatively encodes dynamic stimulus. Here, we show intrinsic channel mechanisms that give rise to stimulus dynamics-dependent manners of information transfer. To demonstrate relationship between firing pattern and information transfer, we constructed Hodgkin-Huxley models (HH models) with channel kinetics obtained from voltage-gated Na+ and K+ currents of OSNs and VSNs. Our HH models composed of intrinsic channel kinetics exhibited characteristic firing pattern of OSNs and VSNs. In addition, the HH models showed information transfer depending partially on cycle duration of stimulus dynamics. These results suggest that stimulus-dynamics dependence of information transfer results from an ensemble of ion channels not only voltage-gated Na+ and K+ channels but also other channels such as calcium-activated K+ channels. COI: No. 2022年7月1日　11:00～12:00　沖縄コンベンションセンター 展示棟　ポスター会場1 2P-181 SARS-CoV-2感染症による嗅覚系への影響 Impacts of SARS-CoV-2 on the olfactory neurocircuit *浦田 真次(1,2)、岸本 めぐみ(1,2)、籠谷 領二(1)、石井 さなえ(5)、今村 文昭(3)、永山 晋(4)、近藤 健二(1)、Paessler Slobodan(2)、山岨 達也(1) 1. 東京大学大学院医学系研究科、5. 杏林大学 *Shinji Urata(1,2), Megumi Kishimoto-Urata(1,2), Ryoji Kagoya(1), Sanae Hasegawa-Ishii(5), Fumiaki Imamura(3), Shin Nagayama(4), Kenji Kondo(1), Paessler Slobodan(2), Tatsuya Yamasoba(1) 1. Grad Sch Med, Univ of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan, 2. University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA, 3. Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA, 4. McGovern Medical School at the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Texas, USA, 5. Kyorin University, Tokyo, Japan Keyword: SARS-CoV-2, Olfaction, Sequelae Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has infected over 215 million people, producing an average lethality of 2.1% worldwide. Olfactory dysfunction is one of the first and most common symptoms of the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), however, the mechanism of olfactory dysfunction is still an enigma. In fact, while the damaged OE is gradually restored in the animal study, many COVID-19 survivors clinically continue to suffer from central nervous system (CNS) symptoms such as depression and memory impairment, as well as chronic olfactory dysfunction in some cases. We studied the impact of SARS-CoV-2 on the olfactory pathway was studied over several time points using Syrian golden hamsters. Results indicated an incomplete recovery of the olfactory sensory neurons, prolonged activation of glial cells in the olfactory bulb, and a decrease in the density of dendritic spines within the hippocampus. These data may be useful for elucidating the mechanism underlying long-lasting olfactory dysfunction and cognitive impairment as a post-acute COVID-19 syndrome. 2022年7月1日　11:00～12:00　沖縄コンベンションセンター 展示棟　ポスター会場1 2P-182 捕食者臭誘発ストレス反応を緩和するための抑制システムは、嗅球内ではなく、前梨状葉皮質にあるようだ。 The inhibitory system in alleviating the predator odor-induced stress responses might exist in the anterior piriform cortex, not in the olfactory bulb. *松川 睦(1)、湯田 幸(1)、吉川 雅朗(1) 1. 日本大学医学部 *Mutsumi Matsukawa(1), Miyuki Yuda(1), Masaaki Yoshikawa(1) 1. Nihon Univ Sch Med, Tokyo, Japan Keyword: Relieve stress, GABA, Inhibitory circuit It has been reported that when rodents smell predator odors such as cats, foxes, and ferrets, fear and stress reactions are evoked. This reaction has been shown to be a congenital reaction. We have previously shown that animals (mice) have an innate value criterion for odors using this predator odor-induced stress response as an index, and that various odorants can be classified into at least three groups: (1) Smell that causes a stress reaction congenitally (predator odor, etc.), (2) Smell that relieves stress congenitally (rose odor, hinoki odor, etc.), (3) Smell that has no effect congenitally (caraway odor, newspaper odor, etc.). In addition, we have shown that there are two different mechanisms which relieve stress by odorants ((a) selectively and directly suppresses stress-related neural activity, and (b) a masking effect to predator odor with comprehensively activating olfaction-related neural activity). We have also shown that the innate criterion could be changed by postnatal experiences and the selective and direct suppression might be underlying mechanism/s for this change. Neural activity induced by predator odor is divided into two parts of the olfactory bulb (OB) where receives firstly odor information in the brain and exists in a mirror image arrangement. We have shown that it would be important for the expression of "odor-stress response" to integrate and associate these two reactions in the anterior piriform cortex (APC), which is the primary olfactory area, and that the selective inhibitory system involved in alleviating predator odor-induced stress response is likely to be in the APC rather than in the OB. However, we have lots of things need to be clear such as which inhibitory neural circuits and inhibitory neurotransmitters are involved in the selective inhibitory system. Therefore, in this study, we compared and examined genes whose expression levels significantly changed in the OB and/or APC by the next-generation sequencing method. Only 49 genes showed a slight difference in analysis of the OB. The results showed that there was almost no change in gene expressions in the nervous system, especially in the suppression of the nervous system including GABA, among animal groups stress-induced, stress-relieved, and no-odor control. There were some changes in several genes, including those are involved in nervous system suppression. It suggests that these inhibitory systems could be important in controlling odor-induced stress responses. 2022年7月1日　11:00～12:00　沖縄コンベンションセンター 展示棟　ポスター会場1 2P-183 マウス嗅球顆粒細胞におけるダイナミックな匂い情報の表現 Dynamic odor representation of granule cells in the mouse olfactory bulb *井出 暁子(1)、今吉 格(1,2,3)、坂本 雅行(1,4) 1. 京都大学大学院生命科学研究科、2. 京都大学医生物学研究所、3. JST CREST、4. JST さきがけ *Akiko Ide(1), Itaru Imayoshi(1,2,3), Masayuki Sakamoto(1,4) 1. Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Japan, 2. Faculty Consort of Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, 3. JST CREST, 4. JST PRESTO Keyword: Olfactory bulb, Calcium imaging, Granule cell, two-photon microscopy The olfactory system mediates a wide variety of odor-related behavioral responses. The olfactory bulb plays an essential role in odor detection and discrimination as the first central processing center for olfactory information connecting with higher brain regions. The neural circuits in the olfactory bulb are plastic and undergo repeated reorganization in daily life. Granule cells in the olfactory bulb are a major class of GABAergic interneurons and provide feedback inhibition to mitral and tufted cells via dendrodendritic reciprocal synapses, which contributes to odor discrimination by sharpening the signal-to-noise ratio of odor information. Furthermore, granule cells regulate not only olfactory output to other higher brain regions but also mediate top-down modulation of sensory processing in the olfactory bulb. Although granule cells provide primary inhibitory input to mitral and tufted cells and play an important role in pattern separation and olfactory learning, the dynamics of odor representation in granule cells during odor discrimination learning remain largely unclear. Here, we performed in vivo two-photon calcium imaging to record the activity of granule cells expressing genetically encoded green calcium indicator (GCaMP6s) during a go/no-go odor-discrimination task. We found that granule cells showed either excitatory or suppressive activity in response to odor delivery. Also, decoder analysis and principal component analysis revealed that the population activity of the granule cells showed increased separation after odor discrimination learning. Our results provide direct evidence that odor responses of granule cells display learning-related plasticity and mediate the pattern separation during odor discrimination learning. 2022年7月1日　11:00～12:00　沖縄コンベンションセンター 展示棟　ポスター会場1 2P-184 ドレブリンノックアウトマウスにおける嗅覚依存性神経活動の障害 Impaired olfactory-dependent neuronal activity in the brain of drebrin knockout mice *吉田 愛梨(1)、児島 伸彦(1) 1. 東洋大学大学院生命科学研究科 *Airi Yoshida(1), Nobuhiko Kojima(1) 1. Toyo University, Graduate School of Life Sciences Keyword: olfactory dysfunction, drebrin, c-Fos mapping, knockout mice Decreased sense of smell is one of the earliest signs of dementia. Drastic decline of drebrin content in the brain of Alzheimer's disease, before massive neuronal loss is not yet occurred (Harigaya et al. 1996). This suggests that early cognitive decline may be due to a decrease in drebrin. Recently, we found that drebrin knockout (DXKO) mice perform poorly in varied food-seeking test, a commonly used olfactory test, suggesting drebrin loss is one of causes for hyposmia in early stages of Alzheimer's disease. However, the cause of olfactory dysfunction in DXKO mice has not been identified yet. In this study, we investigated olfactory-dependent neuronal activity induced by an exposure of DXKO mice to the pleasant or unpleasant odors by c-Fos mapping. Ten-week-old male DXKO mice with a genetic background of C57BL/6N and age-matched wild-type (WT) mice were used. A filter paper (2 cm square) soaked with 4 µl of 7.5 M nondihydrogenated TMT (nTMT: 2,4,5-trimethylthiazole), 20 µl of cheese (0.4 g/ml) or 20 µl of female feces (0.4 g/ml) was placed in the back left corner of a sealed box (a 20-cm square base and 20-cm height) and mice were placed in the box. The aversive or appetitive respons was observed through a CCD camera for 10 min, and the time spent in the areas inside and outside a radius of 15 cm from the center of the odor, and the number of odor contact were measured. Animals not exposed to the odor were used as controls in each WT and DXKO mice. After 90 minutes, mice were sacrificed, and the coronal sections (50-µm thick) prepared from the removed brains for c-Fos immunohistochemistry. Whereas WT mice showed strong aversive response to nTMT, DXKO mice showed no apparent response to this aversive odor. We found that as compared to non-odor exposed controls, an increased number of c-Fos-positive cells in WT mice observed in the olfactory bulb and olfactory cortices including the olfactory tubercle and piriform cortex, amygdala and entorhinal cortex, as well as the downstream brain regions including the hypothalamus and hippocampus. Slight but significant increase in c-Fos positive cells was observed in the olfactory bulb and olfactory tubercle of DXKO mice as compared to non-odor exposed mice, despite no apparent response to nTMT in DXKO mice. On the other hand, a significant increase in c-Fos positive cells was not observed in the downstream regions related to olfactory function in DXKO mice. Similarly, as compared to WT mice, the number of c-Fos positive cells was significantly lesser in the brain regions of olfactory system of DXKO mice after exposure of odors other than nTMT. These results suggest that DXKO mice have abnormalities in the olfactory circuits of the brain, in addition to the decreased olfactory sensitivity. Elucidation of the mechanism of olfactory dysfunction in DXKO mice may be useful for investigating the cause of hyposmia in early stage of Alzheimer's disease. 2022年7月1日　11:00～12:00　沖縄コンベンションセンター 展示棟　ポスター会場1 2P-185 ヒトの脳内嗅覚情報処理において、デルタ・シータ波のオシレーションのフェーズは異なる知覚的側面を表象する Oscillatory phases in theta and delta bands signify different aspects of olfactory perception in the human brain *加藤 麦彦(1)、奥村 俊樹(1)、東原 和成(1)、岡本 雅子(1) 1. 東京大学農学生命科学研究科 *Mugihiko Kato(1), Toshiki Okumura(1), Kazushige Touhara(1), Masako Okamoto(1) 1. Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Univ of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan Keyword: Olfaction, Decoding, individual differences, Oscillation Cortical oscillations, both powers and phases, play important roles in sensory processing. Regarding olfaction, recent intracranial EEG (iEEG) studies on epilepsy patients have shown that power of both lower and higher frequency activities carries odor information, while the phases of lower frequency activities facilitate intra and inter-regional synchronization. However, those iEEG studies were mostly limited to the olfactory cortices. Given that olfactory information is processed in widely distributed brain regions, investigating the functional roles of oscillatory activities in regions over the whole brain is important. Scalp-recorded EEG (sEEG) can measure oscillations originating from foci in a large part of the healthy human brain. Previous sEEG studies have shown that odors modulate oscillatory power in a wide range of frequency band, and that one determinant of their topographic patterns is the pleasantness of odorants. However, so far, these sEEG studies have focused on the roles of oscillatory power, and the functional role of phases are still not understood well. Thus, to deepen our understandings of the role of oscillatory phase in olfactory processing, we measured sEEG responses to 10 odors with diverse perceptual qualities. In line with previous olfactory sEEG studies, we found that odor stimulation significantly modulated oscillatory powers in a wide range of frequency band. In addition, we also found oscillatory phases in the delta and theta bands were significantly locked to odor stimulation. Spatial patterns of phase angles in these frequency bands allowed decoding of individual odors significantly above chance level, with decoding performance peaking earlier in the theta band than delta band. Representational similarity analysis suggests that the delta phase represents odor pleasantness, but that the theta phase does not. Finally, by examining correlations between individual differences in odor ratings and the decoding performances, we found that individuals who perceive odors more distinctly also showed higher decoding performances. These results indicate that oscillatory phase carries rich information about odors, and that the functional roles of oscillatory phases differ between frequency bands, with the early theta phase representing individual odors and individual differences in olfactory perception, and the later delta phase representing odor pleasantness. 2022年7月1日　11:00～12:00　沖縄コンベンションセンター 展示棟　ポスター会場1 2P-186 マウス嗅上皮における非シナプス性機構は嗅神経細胞をグローバルに脱感作する Non-synaptic mechanisms mediate global desensitization of olfactory sensory neurons in vivo *稲垣 成矩(1)、今井 猛(1) 1. 九州大学大学院医学研究院 *Shigenori Inagaki(1), Takeshi Imai(1) 1. Grad Sch Med, Kyushu Univ, Japan Keyword: Olfactory sensory neurons, Desensitization, Adaptation, Calcium imaging The sensory system adaptively reduces its sensitivity to a stimulus after strong stimulation, allowing for efficient detection of environmental changes across a wide dynamic range. Particularly, the olfactory system is easily desensitized to odor stimuli. Odorants are recognized by olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs), each of which expresses a single type of odorant receptor out of ~1,000 in mice. It is known that odor-evoked intracellular cAMP and Ca2+ signals mediate some aspects of the desensitization in OSNs in a cell-autonomous manner. However, it has remained unclear whether the desensitization occurs only in the activated OSNs in a cell-autonomous manner in the physiological conditions in vivo. To investigate this issue, we performed 2-photon Ca2+ imaging of the mouse olfactory epithelium in vivo. Unlike in vitro electrophysiology used previously, our method enabled simultaneous measurement of >200 OSNs under physiological conditions. We first examined the relationship between the response magnitude and the degree of subsequent desensitization at the population level. OSNs were strongly desensitized as the overall response magnitude increased. However, there was little relationship between the magnitude of odor response and the degree of subsequent desensitization at the single-cell level in the same trial, suggesting a more global desensitization mechanism. We then performed cross-adaptation experiments, in which benzaldehyde (Bz) was used as a desensitization stimulus and amyl acetate (Aa) was used as a test odorant. Since each OSN responds to a different set of odorants, we can compare responses to Aa between Bz-responsive and Bz-unresponsive ones. While short exposure (~30 s) to Bz desensitized only Bz-responding OSNs, the prolonged exposure (>~3 min) desensitized both Bz-responding and non-responding OSNs. Our results showed that strong odor stimulation desensitizes OSNs not only cell-autonomously but also non-cell-autonomously. While the cell-autonomous desensitization was dominant for weak odor stimulation, the non-cell-autonomous desensitization was more evident for strong odor stimulation. Since there are no interneurons or centrifugal projections in the olfactory epithelium, the non-cell-autonomous desensitization is most likely mediated by non-synaptic interactions across OSNs. Our results raise a possibility that the unknown type of non-synaptic interaction could globally control a gain of sensory inputs and neural computation in general. 2022年7月1日　11:00～12:00　沖縄コンベンションセンター 展示棟　ポスター会場1 2P-187 エンリッチな嗅覚刺激環境は嗅球の神経細胞の新生を促すのか？ ー呼吸入力との関連性の検討ー Newborn granule cells in the olfactory bulb associated with high respiratory inputs in enriched odor environment *政岡 ゆり(1)、上村 佐和(1,2)、吉川 輝(1,3)、上條 翔太郎(1)、大滝 博和(4)、小岩 信義(5)、﨑川 慶(1,2)、小林 一女(2)、泉﨑 雅彦(1) 1. 昭和大学医学部生理学講座生体調節機能学、2. 昭和大学医学部耳鼻咽喉科頭頸部外科学講座、3. 昭和大学保健医療学部保健医療学教育学、4. 昭和大学医学部解剖学講座顕微解剖学部門、5. 人間科学総合大学人間科学部心身健康科学科 *Yuri Masaoka(1), Sawa Kamimura(1,2), Akira Yoshikawa(1,3), Shotaro Kamijo(1), Hirokazu Ohtaki(4), Nobuyoshi Koiwa(5), Kei Sakikawa(1,2), Hitome Kobayashi(2), Masahiko Izumizaki(1) 1. Department of Physiology, Showa University School of Medicine, 2. Department of Otorhinolaryngorogy Head and Neck Surgery, Showa University School of Medicine, 3. Division of Health Science Education, Showa University School of Nursing and Rehabilitation Sciences, 4. Department of Anatomy, Showa University School of Medicine, 5. Department of Health and Science, University of Human Arts and Sciences Keyword: newborn cells, olfactory bulb, enrich odor environment, respiration The aim of this study was to investigate whether enriched olfactory stimuli affect neurogenesis of mitral and granule cells of the olfactory bulb, and granule cells of the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus, and whether respiration activity accompanied with olfactory stimuli would associate with newborn cells in these regions. To achieve these purposes, the mice were continuously measured respiration activity during enriched odor stimuli, and measured newborn cells with 5-bromo-2’-deoxyuridine (BrdU), which selectively labels profiler active cells in vivo. Enriched olfactory environment significantly increased neurogenesis in the mitral cells and granule cells in the olfactory bulb, but not in the granule cells of the dentate gyrus in the hippocampus. In addition, increase of newborn cells in granule cells in enriched odor condition was correlated with sniffing frequency power and respiratory frequency, and had a significant different pattern of those relationship of no-odor condition. It means animal with high sniff frequency and respiratory frequency responded to odor stimuli showed the increase of neurogenesis in the granule cells than those with lower respiratory responses to odor stimuli. Not only enriched odor stimuli, but also respiratory rhythmic olfactory input enhance granule cells neurogenesis. During odor stimulation, mitral cells activities coupled with sniffing with the activations of the large population of inhibitory granule cells. The high respiratory frequency with frequent odor stimuli may associate with strong activation of granule cells inhibitory neurons, and this active state might be a factor to increase granule cells neurogenensis. 2022年7月1日　11:00～12:00　沖縄コンベンションセンター 展示棟　ポスター会場1 2P-188 The role of appetite-stimulating signalling molecules in the higher olfactory cortical region in mice *Md Monjurul Ahasan(1), Yoshihiro Murata(1), Mutsuo Taniguchi(1), Masahiro Yamaguchi(1) 1. Dept of Physiology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi, Japan Keyword: appetite-stimulating signaling molecules, Olfaction, Orexin antagonist, Olfactory behavior Both the appetite stimulating and suppressing neuromodulatory molecules regulate neuronal activity reflecting metabolic state and hedonic value, and also contribute to learning and memory. These molecules regulate feeding behavior, in which olfaction is heavily involved. Given the limited knowledge of the roles feeding-related neuromodulatory molecules in the olfactory system especially in the higher cortical areas, I have examined their expression in olfactory cortical regions and their role in the appetitive olfactory behavior. I systemically examined the expression of feeding-related neuromodulatory signaling molecules in the olfactory system including the olfactory bulb, olfactory tubercle (OT), and the other olfactory cortical area in mice, by quantitative real-time PCR. The result showed that many molecules were highly expressed in the OT, especially in the anteromedial domain of the OT which is involved in odor-attraction behavior. Among the molecules examined we first chose orexin, an orexigenic neuropeptide produced in the hypothalamus, for functional analysis because its receptor is abundantly expressed in the anteromedial OT. Suppression of orexin signals by the local injection of receptor antagonist in the anteromedial OT, but not in the lateral OT or nucleus accumbens, reduced attraction and conversely induced aversion to the food-associated cue odor. These results indicating the crucial role of appetitive signal in the anteromedial OT in the odor-guided feeding behavior. 2022年7月1日　11:00～12:00　沖縄コンベンションセンター 展示棟　ポスター会場1 2P-189 Olfactory learning-dependent plasticity of neuronal connection from piriform cortex to olfactory tubercle in mice *MD. FAZLEY RABBI SHA(1), Yuriko Koga(1), Yoshihiro Murata(1), Mutsuo Taniguchi(1), Masahiro Yamaguchi(1) 1. Dept. of Physiology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University Keyword: learning & memory, plasticity, neuronal connection, optogenetic The olfactory tubercle (OT), which belongs to the olfactory cortex and ventral striatum, has functional domains that represent odor-guided motivated behaviors. Learning of odor-guided attractive and aversive behavior activates anteromedial (am) and lateral (l) domain of olfactory tubercle (OT), respectively. However, the mechanism of learning-dependent activation of specific OT domains remains unknown. We hypothesized that neuronal connectivity of OT domains may plastically changes through olfactory experience and focused on inputs from the piriform cortex (PC) to the OT. To examine the plastic potential of synaptic connections to OT domains, inputs from the piriform cortex (PC) to OT were optogenetically stimulated in mice in association with food reward for attractive learning and with electrical foot shock for aversive learning. After training, attractive behavior-learned mice took food seeking behavior and aversive behavior-learned mice showed escaping behavior following photo-stimulation of PC neurons, whereas control mice did not show such behavior in both groups of mice. Following photo-stimulation of PC neurons higher expression of c-FOS was observed in the amOT and lOT domain of attractive and aversive learned mice, respectively. We measured the size of photo-activated axon boutons that project from the PC to the OT domains. The size of photo-activated axon boutons preferentially increased in amOT compared to lOT for attractive behavior-learned mice and increased in lOT compared to amOT for aversive behavior-learned mice. These results indicate that synaptic connection from PC to OT domains can plastically change in the learning-dependent manner. This mechanism is considered to underlie the learning-dependent activation of specific OT domains. 2022年7月1日　11:00～12:00　沖縄コンベンションセンター 展示棟　ポスター会場1 2P-190 マウス副嗅球僧帽細胞および顆粒細胞の応答性に対するバソプレシンの作用 Effect of vasopressin on mitral and granule cell activities at the reciprocal synapse in the mouse accessory olfactory bulb *谷口 睦男(1)、村田 芳博(1)、山口 正洋(1)、椛 秀人(1) 1. 高知大学 *Mutsuo Taniguchi(1), Yoshihiro Murata(1), Masahiro Yamaguchi(1), Hideto Kaba(1) 1. Kochi university Keyword: vasopressin, patch clamp, accessory olfactory bulb, granule cell and mitral cell Central vasopressin (AVP) facilitates social recognition and modulates numerous complex social behaviors in mammals. In the rat, vasopressin neurons were reported to exist in the accessory olfactory bulb (AOB). The AOB has been demonstrated to be a critical site for mating-induced mate recognition (olfactory memory) in female mice. The effect of AVP, however, on the synaptic transmission between dendrites in the AOB of female mice is largely unknown. To address this issue, we previously measured synaptic currents (IPSCs) from mitral cells in the AOB. We have demonstrated that AVP significantly reduced the IPSCs in Mg2+-free solution. An agonist for V1a receptors, [Phe2, Orn8]-vasotocin mimicked the AVP action on the IPSCs. The suppressive effect of AVP on the IPSCs was consistently diminished by an antagonist for V1a receptors, Manning compound, whereas an antagonist for V1b receptors, SSR149415 unaffected the effects of it. These results suggest that AVP V1a receptor activation attenuates reciprocal transmission between mitral and granule cells. The reciprocal transmission, however, consists of glutamatergic transmission from mitral to granule cells and GABAergic one from granule to mitral cells. Thus, it is unclear about the AVP action site(s) on the excitatory and/or the inhibitory transmissions. In the present study, to conduct further investigation on the role of V1a receptors in the GABAergic trasmission, AOB slices were prepared from 23- to 35-day-old Balb/c mice. Using the patch-clamp technique in whole-cell configuration (holding potential, –70 mV), the current response of granule cells or mitral cells was recorded in the presence of antagonists for glutamatergic transmission, CNQX (10 µM) and AP5 (50 µM). An extracellular application of AVP significantly suppressed voltage-activated Ca2+ conductance in the granule cells. In contrast, it had no influence on the magnitude of the response of mitral cells to GABA (10 µM and 100 µM). The present results suggest that V1a receptor activation modulates the GABAergic transmission from granule to mitral cells via a presynaptic mechanism. 2022年7月1日　11:00～12:00　沖縄コンベンションセンター 展示棟　ポスター会場1 2P-191 感覚皮質ニューロンのバラエティ豊かな行動状態表象とその機能 Multidimensional representations of behavioral states and the functions in sensory cortex *谷隅 勇太(1,2)、塩谷 和基(3)、大迫 優真(1,2)、大貫 朋哉(1)、高宮 渉吾(1,2)、廣川 純也(1)、櫻井 芳雄(1)、眞部 寛之(1) 1. 同志社大学大学院, 脳科学研究科、2. 日本学術振興会特別研究員DC1、3. 立命館大学, 生命科学部生命情報学科 *Yuta Tanisumi(1,2), Kazuki Shiotani(3), Yuma Osako(1,2), Tomoya Ohnuki(1), Shogo Takamiya(1,2), Junya Hirokawa(1), Yoshio Sakurai(1), Hiroyuki Manabe(1) 1. Graduate School of Brain Science, Univ of Doshisha, Kyoto, Japan, 2. Research Fellow of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan, 3. Laboratory of Brain Network Information, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan Keyword: sensory cortex, olfactory cortex, prefrontal cortex, behavioral state Sensory cortex has been thought to play a straight-forward role in the initial processing of sensory information for a long time. However, cortical activity is driven not only by sensory stimuli, but also by other modalities, rewards, task contexts and behavioral states. Our previous work provided the first recordings of neuronal activity in the ventral tenia tecta (vTT) in the olfactory cortex, which receives top-down projections from the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and projects to the broad olfactory areas, and showed that individual vTT neurons not only responded to the odor presentation phase but also tuned to specific behavioral states of some goal-directed tasks. In this study, we developed and combined electrophysiological recordings in vTT with optogenetic mPFC inactivation while mice associated different four odor cues with appetitive and aversive outcomes. First, we found individual vTT neurons tuned to not only odor presentation associated with positive and negative value but also the odor-evoked outcome waiting phase and positive/negative outcome phases, leading to the behavioral-state signals tiled each task condition. Second, we investigated whether the neural activity undergoes temporal scaling from the short to long intervals using the different-interval timing task. The neural tunings to the extension of short-delay to long-delay were expanded, suggesting the scalable vTT state encoding including top-down information from higher-order regions. Third, to reveal the source of the top-down signals, we expressed inhibitory opsin archaerhodopsin 3.0 (Arch3.0) in the mPFC, and recorded from vTT neurons with and without optogenetic silencing of mPFC axons while mice conducted the task. Without mPFC-to-vTT inputs, the vTT state representations were degraded and less integrated. Finally, we performed optogenetic silencing during the odor-outcome association task and the reversal learning to ask whether the mPFC-to-vTT inputs contribute to the learning of appetitive associations. Mice that experienced mPFC-to-vTT axons inhibition exhibited significant learning deficits. In particular, the silenced mice did not lick consistently in response to the odors after cue-outcome contingencies were reversed, suggesting that the state representations by the mPFC-to-vTT inputs participate in the efficient acquisition of appetitive associations. Taken together, our data suggest that vTT acts as a hub that sends various context-dependent signals for learning from the mPFC to broad olfactory areas. Sensory cortex not only plays a straight-forward role in the initial processing of sensory inputs, but also actively contributes the behavioral state processing and context-dependent learning. 2022年7月1日　11:00～12:00　沖縄コンベンションセンター 展示棟　ポスター会場1 2P-192 雌雄の匂いに応答する複数の触角葉糸球体を支配するAntenno-subesophageal tract neuron 1はショウジョウバエの化学感覚領域と腹側複合体の間をつなぐ Antenno-subesophageal tract neuron 1 innervating multiple antennal lobe glomeruli responding to male and female smells links between chemosensory areas and ventral complex in Drosophila *西村 和貴(1)、田中 暢明(2) 1. 北海道大学大学院生命科学院、2. 北海道大学大学院理学研究院 *Kazuki Nishimura(1), Nobuaki Tanaka(2) 1. Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, 2. Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University Keyword: female mating behavior, Drosophila, Pheromone, fruitless Females recognize a male of the same species during mating according to multimodal sensory inputs including pheromone information in Drosophila. To reveal the mechanisms of how females accept male courting, it is necessary to understand how the pheromone information is processed and integrated in females. The Antenno-subesophageal tract neuron 1 (AST1) pathway is a candidate responsible for such pheromone processing, as it terminates in DA1 and VA1v glomeruli in the primary olfactory center, that are innervated by olfactory sensory neurons responding to male pheromone and to a smell shared with males and females, respectively. We firstly analyzed morphology of AST1 using GAL4 enhancer trap strains and found that AST1 has a sexual dimorphism in the projection patterns in the primary olfactory center. AST1 connects the primary olfactory center with the subesophageal zone including prow and gnathal ganglia, the gustatory center in insects and vest in the ventral complex important for generating motor patterns in insects, suggesting that the function of AST1 is correlated with behavioral patterns during mating. Interestingly, we found that the GAL4 strains did not always label AST1. The ratio of the labeled brains was much higher in females than in males. In addition, one of the strains that label AST1 has a GAL4 gene inserted into the fruitless (fru) locus, important for sex determination in Drosophila. Collectively, these suggest that the sexually dimorphic fru expression pattern generates the sexual differences in the AST1 morphology and the GAL4 expression patterns. We are planning to specifically express effector genes in AST1 and analyze its function in female mating behaviors. 2022年7月1日　11:00～12:00　沖縄コンベンションセンター 展示棟　ポスター会場1 2P-193 嗜好性の高い食事はラットの50-kHz超音波発声を促進する Eating palatable food facilitates 50-kHz ultrasonic vocalization in male-male paired adult rats *村田 航志(1,2)、池戸 優希(1)、領家 崇(1,3)、黒田 一樹(1,2)、吉村 仁志(3)、深澤 有吾(1,2,4) 1. 福井大学学術研究院医学系部門 脳形態機能学分野、2. 福井大学ライフサイエンスイノベーションセンター、3. 福井大学学術研究院医学系部門 歯科口腔外科学分野、4. 福井大学子どものこころの発達研究センター *Koshi Murata(1,2), Yuki Ikedo(1), Takashi Ryoke(1,3), Kazuki Kuroda(1,2), Hitoshi Yoshimura(3), Yugo Fukazawa(1,2,4) 1. Division of Brain Structure and Function, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, 2. Life Science Innovation Center, Faculty of Medical Science, University of Fukui, 3. Department of Dentistry and Oral Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, 4. Research Center for Child Mental Health Development, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui Keyword: emotion, ultrasonic vocalizations, hedonic eating Objective measurement of emotion states is the key to understanding how experiment animals recognize external stimuli through their sensory system. The pleasure of eating is an important emotion to motivate animals to learn and further seek nutritious food. However, conventional behavioral assays for the positive emotion such as consumption volume and breaking points to obtain food reward can be influenced by craving. Therefore, they are not conclusive to directly measure the pleasure accompanied by hedonic eating. Ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) are one of the objective indexes of emotion states of rats. Pain-induced negative emotion elicits 22-kHz long USVs in rats, whereas positive emotions induced by social interaction and anticipation for palatable foods elicit 50-kHz (ranging 30-100 kHz) short USVs. Here, we tested a hypothesis that 50-kHz short USVs are applicable to objective measurements of the pleasure of eating by comparing the number and wave-form of USV calls between anticipating and consuming chocolate candy (M&Ms) phases in male-male pair-housed rats. The paired rats were placed in a soundproof box and made to wait for ten minutes for chocolate delivery. Then, we delivered the chocolates to the rats allowing them to have a ten-minute-access. Repetition of the soundproof box placement and chocolate delivery significantly increased 50-kHz short USV calls of the anticipatory phase (before chocolate delivery) and consuming phase (after chocolate delivery). Of the ten pairs we tested, seven pairs showed a significant decrease in the principal frequency of 50-kHz short USV calls in the consuming phase compared to those in the anticipatory phase. Subcutanious injection of an opioid antagonist Naloxone decreased both chocolate consumption and 50-kHz short USV calls during the consuming phase, suggesting an involvement of opioids in chocolate consumption and eating-induced 50-kHz short USVs. Although it remains unclear whether the decreased frequency of USV calls is due to mastication and swallowing or distinct emotion states between anticipation and pleasure, our data showed potential availability of 50-kHz short USVs to objectively measure the positive emotion of hedonic eating in rats. 2022年7月1日　11:00～12:00　沖縄コンベンションセンター 展示棟　ポスター会場1 2P-194 コネクトームデータと嗅覚系の活動を用いたドーパミン細胞の匂いに対する応答の予測 Predicting the odor-evoked responses of dopaminergic neurons from the connectome data and the activity of olfactory neurons *加藤 郁佳(1,2)、風間 北斗(1,2,3) 1. 理化学研究所 脳神経科学研究センター、2. 東京大学総合文化研究科、3. 理研CBS－花王連携センター *Ayaka Kato(1,2), Hokto Kazama(1,2,3) 1. RIKEN Center for Brain Science, 2. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3. RIKEN CBS-KAO Collaboration Center Keyword: dopamine, olfaction, connectome Dopaminergic neurons (DANs) receive input from multiple sensory modalities and represent various types of information including reward and teaching signals that drive learning. How these representations are generated in a circuit remains largely unknown. Several studies have begun to characterize direct inputs to DANs in rodents and flies; however, there still exist multiple layers between sensory neurons and DANs. Here, we attempted to fill in this gap by generating a model that predicts the activity of DANs from that of sensory neurons by combining the functional imaging data and the electron microscopy-level connectome data (Scheffer et al. 2020) in the Drosophila olfactory system. We focused on the circuit between olfactory projection neurons (PNs), the second-order olfactory neurons, and DANs in the mushroom body, where olfactory inputs are modulated by dopamine. The neurites of both PNs and DANs have compartmentalized organization that allows functional monitoring of specific cell types. By capitalizing on this anatomical feature and the compact size of the fly brain, we have previously recorded odor-evoked responses from most of the PNs (Badel et al. 2016) as well as DANs in all the compartments (Kato et al., Neuro2021) using volumetric two-photon calcium imaging, and found that DANs encode innate value of odors. With the recently released connectome data at our hands, we now have major elements to predict the activity of DANs from that of sensory neurons. Using the connectome data, we built a neural network model where we identified major interneurons in between PNs and DANs. The interneurons were classified into three types; Group 1 receives input from PNs and other interneurons, and sends output to other interneurons and DANs; Group2 receives input from PNs and sends output to other interneurons; Group3 receives input from other interneurons and send output to DANs. We found that this network was able to broadly predict odor-evoked DAN responses from PN responses. Furthermore, the simulation suggested that the recurrent and feedforward circuits are cooperatively involved in shaping odor responses. Together, our analysis reveals the circuit motif underlying odor value computation in DANs. 2022年7月1日　11:00～12:00　沖縄コンベンションセンター 展示棟　ポスター会場1 2P-195 異なる反応時間経過をもつ２つの細胞タイプの存在が一次聴覚野において様々な人工音と自然音への応答パターンの多様性を説明する。 The presence of two cell types with different response time-courses explains the variety of response patterns for all kinds of artificial and natural sounds in the primary auditory cortex. *地本 宗平(1) 1. 山梨大学医学部 *Sohei Chimoto(1) 1. Div Med, Univ of Yamanashi, Japan Keyword: primary auditory cortex, single unit recording, response duration, natural sound In previous studies the primary auditory cortex (A1) neurons of awake animals exhibited diversity of the response time-courses from phasic to sustained patterns during pure tone stimuli. Following studies also showed that A1 cells have various response patterns during amplitude modulation (AM), frequency modulations (FM), and vowel sounds. One explanation for these results is that the same cell responds to pure tone and other kinds of sound in the specific response pattern. Another explanation is that there are many kinds of specific neurons responding to only specific sounds. In this study, to examine which explanation is more plausible, response time courses to various artificial sounds (pure tones, click trains, AM sounds, and FM tones) and natural sounds (species-specific sounds, human vowels, environmental sounds) were examined by long time extracellular recording of single cells. First, driven rate was calculated for each stimulus frequency to examine the frequency response fields (FRF) by presenting tone burst with 125 frequencies at 30, 50, and 70 dB SPL. By comparing heights of the driven rate, we defined the best frequency (BF) and the best SPL producing the maximum response amplitude. Spike trains from a range of the FRF were used to construct peristimulus time histograms (PSTHs). The mean + 2 SD of the firing rate during the prestimulus periods was set as the response threshold. The response duration was defined as the sum of the time periods the peristimulus time histograms was more than the response threshold. The same cell's response patterns to various kinds of sounds at the best SPL for the maximum sound envelope were investigated. Phasic type cells respond to pure tones and natural sounds with short response duration pattern, to click trains with synchronized pattern, and to AM and FM with edge pattern. Sustained type cells respond to pure tones and natural sounds with long response duration pattern, to click trains with non-synchronized pattern, and to AM and FM with slope and edge-slope pattern. These results indicate that the same A1 neuron responds to pure tone and other kinds of sound in the specific response pattern. 2022年7月1日　11:00～12:00　沖縄コンベンションセンター 展示棟　ポスター会場1 2P-196 Comparing the acoustic behaviors and hearing systems of different Aedes mosquito species *yifeng XU(1), YuMin Loh(1,3), Matthew Paul Su(1,2), Azusa Kamikouchi(1) 1. Gra Sch Sci, Nagoya Univ, Nagoya, Japan, 2. IAR, Nagoya Univ, Nagoya, Japan, 3. GTR, Nagoya Univ, Nagoya, Japan Keyword: Aedes mosquitoes, Hearing, Immunohistochemistry, Neural circuits Clear sexual dimorphisms in Aedes mosquito hearing behaviors exist. Whilst male Aedes mosquitoes show a characteristic phonotactic attraction to the sound of a flying conspecific female, female Aedes show no equivalent hearing behavior. There are also significant differences between males from different species, with male yellow fever mosquites (Aedes aegypti) showing a stronger, more sustained attraction to sound than male Asian tiger mosquitoes (Aedes albopictus). Male Aedes aegypti even display abdominal bending behavior when exposed to sound, unlike Aedes albopictus. Sound traps, which play the sound of female mosquitoes to attract and capture males in the field, are thus more effective in targeting Aedes aegypti than Aedes albopictus. As Aedes albopictus has invaded and supplanted Aedes aegypti populations worldwide however, the potential effectiveness of these traps has come under significant pressure. Here, we investigate the fundamental bases of differences in hearing behaviors between the sexes and species to uncover the underlying reasons for differences in the extent and importance of phonotactic behaviors. We tested the acoustic behaviors and hearing systems of these two Aedes mosquito species at molecular, neuronal and behavioral levels. First, we confirmed assumed differences in auditory behaviors across species and sex using behavioral phonotaxis testing; as expected, only male Aedes aegypti showed a significant response to sound, with Aedes albopictus males demonstrating a greatly reduced response. Next, we used functional vibrometry-based testing to investigate auditory frequency tuning and surprisingly found no significant differences between interspecific males. We then compared the auditory systems of males and females across species using a combination of immunohistochemistry to visualize brain and ear anatomy, and neural tracing to trace auditory neuron projections to the brain and create putative auditory circuits. Once again, we were unable to find obvious differences in hearing anatomy between groups, suggesting that differences are the result of changes in higher order neural circuits. Our current investigations into the projection patterns of NPF-positive neurons, which in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster have been linked to courtship drive, may help us to uncover the mechanisms underlying fundamental differences in male phonotaxis behaviors. 2022年7月1日　11:00～12:00　沖縄コンベンションセンター 展示棟　ポスター会場1 2P-197 Exploring the thermosensitive basis of male mosquito hearing function and behavior *Yu Min Loh(1,4), Tai-Ting Lee(1), Chun-Hong Chen(3), Matthew Paul Su(1,2), Azusa Kamikouchi(1) 1. Division of Biological Science, Nagoya University, Japan, 2. Institute for Advanced Research (IAR), Nagoya University, Japan, 3. National Health Research Institute (NHRI), Taiwan, 4. Graduate Program of Transformative Chem-Bio Research (GTR), Nagoya University, Japan Keyword: Aedes aegypti mosquito, Hearing, Thermosensation, Laser Doppler Vibrometry Hearing plays an important role in mosquito courtship. Male mosquitoes locate conspecific females by the sound of their beating wings. This hearing behaviour of males, known as phonotaxis, is tuned to the female’s wing beat frequency (WBF). Male phonotaxis has been exploited to develop sound traps that attract and capture male mosquitoes, offering a potential alternative to insecticide-based vector control tools. However, previous studies have found that the efficacy of these traps is markedly reduced during translation from lab to field, suggesting the existence of abiotic factors influencing their performance. Temperature may be one such factor, as female WBF is directly correlated with temperature. Despite this, males can still find females during periods of rapid temperature transitions. Our research thus focuses on investigating how the male Aedes aegypti (Ae. aegypti) hearing system copes with modulations in temperature. First, via behavioral and functional testings, we found that temperature coupling exists between the male Ae. aegypti hearing system and conspecific female WBF. Temperature modulates male phonotaxis, with males becoming responsive to increasingly higher frequency tones as temperature increases. We further found that changes in male phonotaxis are associated with underlying changes in hearing function. Our findings suggest that regardless of temperature, male ears remain tuned to female WBFs, enabling males to acoustically track females across a considerable temperature range. Next, we focused on understanding the molecular and neuronal bases underlying the temperature-dependency of male hearing system. Using RNA-seq databases of other insect ears, we identified a number of candidate genes for further investigation. Two of these genes in particular, Ir21a and nompC have been suggested to play roles in insect thermosensation and auditory mechanotransduction respectively, and thus formed the basis of our initial investigations. We have confirmed their expression in the ears of Ae. aegypti. The potential contributions of these genes to the temperature-dependency of the male hearing system are now being assessed via individual knockdown experiments. By adopting a combinatorial approach comprising molecular, functional and behavioral testing, we aim to better understand the mechanisms regulating the temperature-dependencies of male hearing system. The translational potential of our findings will also be tested in future field trials. 2022年7月1日　11:00～12:00　沖縄コンベンションセンター 展示棟　ポスター会場1 2P-198 Targeting the Aedes aegypti mosquito circadian clock to disrupt hearing and courtship behaviors *Matthew Paul Su(1,2), Tai-Ting Lee(2), Yu Min Loh(2,3), YiFeng Xu(2), Hong-Guan Tee(4), Chun-Hong Chen(4,5), Azusa Kamikouchi(2) 1. IAR, Nagoya Univ, Nagoya, Japan, 2. Grad Sch Sci, Nagoya Univ, Nagoya, Japan, 3. GTR, Nagoya Univ, Nagoya, Japan, 4. Nat Inst Inf Dis Vacc, NHRI, Zhunan, Taiwan, 5. Nat Mosquito-Borne Dis Cont Res Cen, NHRI, Zhunan, Taiwan Keyword: Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, Circadian clock, Hearing, Acoustic communication In recent decades the yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti has spread rapidly worldwide. Billions of people are now at risk of the serious diseases this species can transmit. As few effective treatments exist, disease control relies on methodologies which target Aedes aegypti directly. Unfortunately, current methods of Aedes aegypti population control are becoming increasingly inadequate due to rising insecticidal resistance. Aedes aegypti thus represent a global public health concern and the development of novel control tools with new targets is necessary. This requires an improved understanding of basic Aedes aegypti biology, particularly highly conserved behaviors such as courtship. Aedes aegypti courtship occurs within large aggregations (‘swarms’) which form only at specific times of day, suggesting an influence of the circadian clock. Within these swarms, male mosquitoes rely on hearing to identify conspecific females by listening for their unique flight sound. Both the circadian clock and hearing thus play major roles in determining mosquito copulation success. Furthermore, recent research in other species suggests that the circadian clock directly influences hearing function as well as the flight sounds mosquitoes produce. Disruption of circadian clock function (via use of clock-targeting compounds for example) could significantly disturb hearing, and thus courtship, behaviors. Exploring the underlying connections which link the circadian clock, hearing and courtship can therefore help generate novel targets and methods for Aedes aegypti control. Here, we applied a multi-level analysis paradigm to investigate these connections, including the use of newly generated circadian clock mutants. Using immunohistochemistry, we profiled clock gene expression in the brain and ear of control and mutant Aedes aegypti, with mutants showing significantly altered, arrhythmic expression patterns compared to controls. By creating new assays to test hearing behaviors, we found that whilst control males demonstrated rhythmic responses to acoustic stimuli, mutants lost all rhythmicity. Rhythmic changes in the sounds control males generate during flight at different times of day were also altered in mutants. Finally, circadian clock mutants exhibited significant reductions in courtship activity compared to controls. Interfering with mosquito courtship via targeting the circadian clock thus appears a promising option for future vector control efforts. 2022年7月1日　11:00～12:00　沖縄コンベンションセンター 展示棟　ポスター会場1 2P-199 Investigating the influence of the mosquito circadian clock on Aedes aegypti behaviors *Tai-ting Lee(1), Matthew Paul Su(1,2), Yu Min Loh(1,3), Chun-Hong Chen(4,5), Azusa Kamikouchi(1) 1. Grad Sch Sci, Nagoya Univ, Nagoya, Japan, 2. IAR, Nagoya Univ, Nagoya, Japan , 3. GTR, Nagoya Univ, Nagoya, Japan, 4. Nat Inst Inf Dis Vacc, NHRI, Zhunan, Taiwan., 5. Nat Mosquito-Borne Dis Cont Res Cen, NHRI, Zhunan, Taiwan. Keyword: Circadian clock, Aedes aegypti mosquito, Mating, Immunofluorescence staining Aedes aegypti mosquito mating occurs only at specific times of day, suggesting that the circadian clock plays a major role in determining the timing of mating behavior. Hearing also plays an essential role; with Aedes aegypti males locating conspecific females by listening for the distinctive sounds they produce during flight. Aedes aegypti circadian and hearing systems thus represent promising targets for novel methods of mosquito control. The underlying mechanisms which link the circadian clock, hearing and mating in Aedes aegypti remain unclear however, significantly hindering research efforts. Our recent development of clock mutant lines has thus for the first time enabled detailed studies into the roles of individual clock components. Here, we investigated the connections between the circadian clock and hearing using a combination of genetic, molecular and functional assays. We focused on the neuronal circuitry associated with two major clock genes (period and cycle) as well as the resulting effect on auditory function of period or cycle gene knockout (KO). First, we dissected Aedes aegypti brains and ears at distinct circadian timepoints and used western blotting to test for changes in clock protein expression over time. Whilst we observed robust cycling of all major clock proteins in control tissues, this was completely absent for both period and cycle KO mutants, suggesting severe clock disruption. Next, we used immunohistochemistry to localize expression of important clock proteins such as PDF, a major neuropeptide involved in synchronizing Period expression, in brains and ears. PDF was identified only in the brain, and localized to LNv neurons in all groups tested. However, while cycling in control mosquitos, PDF expression did not cycle in mutants . We are currently linking changes in clock gene expression with circadian hearing function using vibrometry assays which measure the frequency tuning of male mosquito ears over zeitgeber time. Our research highlights the immense potential of interfering with core mosquito activities by targeting the clock, as well as the most promising clock gene targets. 2022年7月1日　11:00～12:00　沖縄コンベンションセンター 展示棟　ポスター会場1 2P-200 ラット聴覚野の情報処理容量 Information Processing Capacity in the Rat Auditory Cortex *石田 直輝(1)、窪田 智之(1)、伊藤 圭基(1)、白松-磯口 知世(1)、諏訪 瑛介(1)、高橋 宏知(1) 1. 東京大学 *Naoki Ishida(1), Tomoyuki Kubota(1), Yoshiki Ito(1), Tomoyo I Shiramatsu(1), Eisuke Suwa(1), Hirokazu Takahashi(1) 1. The University of Tokyo Keyword: Physical Reservoir Computing, Neural Computation, Information Processing Capacity, Auditory Cortex The rich dynamics of spatio-temporal activities in the neural system could be considered a computational resource. In this work, we attempted to quantify the computational resource in the rat auditory cortex with information processing capacity (IPC), a measure used in a reservoir computing (RC) framework. In RC, where the dynamics of hidden-layer, or a reservoir, represent all of the input-related information, only those of output-layer are linearly fit to a target signal. RC is one of the possible models for the efficient information processing in the brain. Multi-unit activities in the auditory cortex of urethane-anesthetized rats were measured with a 96-ch multi-electrode array with an inter-electrode spacing of 400 µm. Stochastic click sequences were delivered with an inter-step interval (ISI) of 10, 18, 32, 56, 100, 178 and 316 ms at a probability of 0.5. The click-evoked spikes within each time step were counted to make discrete state variables of a dynamical system, from which the input-output relationship of a dynamical system was characterized. IPC was then compared with the performances of two existing input-deterministic benchmark tasks; shift register and logical calculation (AND, OR and XOR). Consequently, we found the 1st to 6th order IPC in the auditory cortex, which were positively correlated with the benchmark task scores, confirming that IPC is a task-independent measure. Furthermore, IPC was maximized when ISI was 10―18 ms, corroborating the optimal time window in the auditory system. We also investigated the topological organization of IPC in the auditory cortex by calculating IPC for each single recording site. The recording sites with high IPC were localized in a specific auditory subregion, suggesting that the IPC is useful to characterize functional maps in the sensory cortex. These results suggest that IPC offers a new strategy to investigate the sensory information processing in the brain. 2022年7月1日　11:00～12:00　沖縄コンベンションセンター 展示棟　ポスター会場1 2P-201 マウス下丘の単一細胞トランスクリプトーム解析 Single cell transcriptome of the mouse auditory midbrain *相古 千加(1)、山本 亮(2)、小野 宗範(2)、谷口 真(3)、伊藤 哲史(1) 1. 富山大学医学部システム機能形態学、2. 金沢医科大学生理学I講座、3. 金沢医科大学総合医学研究所 *Chika Soko(1), Ryo Yamamoto(2), Munenori Ono(2), Makoto Taniguchi(3), Tetsufumi Ito(1) 1. Dept of System Function and Morphology, Sch Med, Univ of Toyama, 2. Dept of Physiology I, Kanazawa Medical University, 3. Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University Keyword: Single cell transcriptome , auditory system Tinnitus and hyperacusis are the forms of pathological plasticity of auditory system caused by hearing loss, and are one of the factors that deteriorate QOL in elderly people. To develop treatments for the pathological plasticity is an urgent task in an aging society. For this purpose, it is necessary to clarify the change in the normal and pathological neural circuit of the inferior colliculus (IC), the hub of the auditory system and one of the key center of tinnitus development. However, neither the molecular identity of components in the normal neural circuits of IC nor the pathological effects by the hearing loss on the components has been established. Here, we aimed to establish the cell types in the IC by single-cell transcriptome using next generation sequencing (i.e. RNA-seq) by identifying genes expressed in IC of normal or hearing impaired mice comprehensively. Since the auditory system of mouse mature after postnatal 3 weeks, it is necessary to use mice older than P21 for analyzing gene expression of normal neuronal circuitry. However, IC neurons are vulnerable to mechanical stress like acute slice preparation and cell isolation, and it is difficult to isolate healthy neurons from acute slices of animals older than P21. Thus, it is important to establish the method to isolate RNA with sufficient quality for RNA-seq from single cells. We tested two methods in this study. In the first method, we isolated live IC cells from conventional acute slice for single cell RNA-seq analysis. Mouse ICs were dissected from acute slices, and treated with papain. Live cells were isolated from the papain-treated cells by removing myelin using MACS beads. The isolated live cells were divided into single cells in microwells (BD Rhapsody). cDNAs were synthesized from mRNAs expressed in each cell, and single cell RNA-seq library was prepared. Single RNA sequencing was performed using the prepared library. In the second method, preprocessed mRNAs in nuclei were used for RNA-seq analysis. We isolated cell nuclei from IC slices, and removed debris using cell sorter. The isolated nuclei were divided into single nuclei in microwells. Single nucleus RNA sequencing was performed using library prepared from the single nuclei. We categorized IC cells using cluster analysis of gene expression of single cells obtained from the two methods. We will propose the appropriate method for IC single cell transcriptome analysis from obtained cell types from the analysis. 2022年7月1日　11:00～12:00　沖縄コンベンションセンター 展示棟　ポスター会場1 2P-202 MOCを介した強大音暴露に対する蝸牛保護にはセロトニン3A受容体が必要である Cochlear protection against noise exposure requires serotonin type 3A receptor via the medial olivocochlear system *近藤 誠(1,2)、大畠 和也(2)、猪原 秀典(2)、島田 昌一(2) 1. 大阪市立大学大学院医学研究科、2. 大阪大学大学院医学系研究科 *Makoto Kondo(1,2), Kazuya Ohata(2), Hidenori Inohara(2), Shoichi Shimada(2) 1. Grad Sch Med, Osaka City Univ, Osaka, Japan, 2. Grad Sch Med, Osaka Univ, Osaka, Japan Keyword: noise-induced hearing loss, medial olivocochlear system, cochlear protection, 5-HT3A receptor The cochlear efferent feedback system plays important roles in auditory processing, including regulation of the dynamic range of hearing, and provides protection against acoustic trauma. These functions are performed through medial olivocochlear (MOC) neurons. However, the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms are not fully understood. The serotonin type 3A (5-HT3A) receptor is widely expressed throughout the nervous system, which suggests important roles in various neural functions. However, involvement of the 5-HT3A receptor in the MOC system remains unclear. We used mice in this study, and found that the 5-HT3A receptor was expressed in MOC neurons that innervated outer hair cells in the cochlea and was involved in the activation of MOC neurons by noise exposure. 5-HT3A receptor knockout impaired MOC functions, potentiated noise-induced hearing loss, and increased loss of ribbon synapses following noise exposure. Furthermore, 5-HT3 receptor agonist treatment alleviated the noise-induced hearing loss and loss of ribbon synapses, which enhanced cochlear protection provided by the MOC system. Our findings demonstrate that the 5-HT3A receptor plays fundamental roles in the MOC system and critically contributes to protection from noise-induced hearing impairment. 2022年7月1日　11:00～12:00　沖縄コンベンションセンター 展示棟　ポスター会場1 2P-203 長期間の音楽曝露によるラット聴覚野の時間情報表現の変化 Long-term exposure to classical music affects temporal characteristics of cortical representation in rat auditory cortex *白松-磯口 知世(1)、石田 直輝(1)、大島 果林(2)、高橋 宏知(1) 1. 東京大学大学院情報理工学系研究科、2. 東京大学工学部 *Tomoyo I Shiramatsu(1), Naoki Ishida(1), Karin Oshima(2), Hirokazu Takahashi(1) 1. Grad Sch Info Sci and Tech, Univ of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan, 2. Fac Eng, Univ of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan Keyword: MUSIC, AUDITORY CORTEX, RAT, MICROELECTRODE ARRAY It has been widely believed that music education, training, and just frequent listening can alter our perceptual abilities. There is accumulating evidence that indicates music-induced changes in perception using specific behavioral tasks and neural indicators. Toward the next step to examine the effects of music experience on the brain more comprehensively and task-independently, the present study examined how the informatics indices, which is termed information processing capacity (IPC), quantified in sensory cortex changed after daily exposure to classical music. Two groups of male Wistar rats were tested. Rats in the music exposure group were exposed to music for six hours per day, five days per week. On each day, they were presented with three hours of the original speed and double-speed playback of Mozart's Sonata (K.448), respectively. After four weeks of exposure, the auditory cortex of rats in both groups was exposed under urethane anesthesia, and a microelectrode array with 96 recording sites was inserted into the fourth layer of the cortex. To calculate IPC, we measured multi-unit activities (MUA) responding to a stochastic sequence of click sounds. The sequence randomly determined whether the click sounds were presented or not at each 100 ms time window with a probability of 50%. In each time window, MUA at each recording site was counted to make state variables at each node in a dynamical system according to the framework of reservoir computing. Then IPC was calculated to quantify how strong the MUA in one time window contains past sequence. Consequently, the IPC was tended to be stronger in the exposed group, that is, the auditory system in these rats retained the past input information more strongly when they received sensory information at every 100 ms. Considering that the width of the time window, i.e., 100 ms, corresponds to the frequent note length around 110 ms in the exposed music in original tempo (132 BPM), this result suggests that long-term exposure to music may have affected the temporal characteristics of the memory retained in the auditory system. 2022年7月1日　11:00～12:00　沖縄コンベンションセンター 展示棟　ポスター会場1 2P-204 Targeted single-cell ablation reveals network homeostasis of sound representation in the mouse auditory cortex *Takahiro Noda(1), Eike Kienle(1), Dominik F Aschauer(1), Jens-Bastian Eppler(2), Matthias Kaschube(2), Yonatan Loewenstein(3), Simon Rumpel(1) 1. Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University-Mainz, Mainz, Germany, 2. Frankfurt Institute of Advanced Studies and Institute for Computer Science, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt /M., Germany, 3. The Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel Keyword: Auditory cortex, Chronic calcium imaging, Homeostatic plasticity, Population coding Recent studies have shown that sensory cortices create a robust, albeit dynamically drifting representation of the world. The robustness is maintained not only during the inevitable loss of neurons during aging, but also for large parts during the prodromal stages of neurodegenerative disease. However, it is less known how cortical network can homeostatically function to provide the robustness. We aimed to test how homeostatic plasticity in the network could emerge under disturbance of small number of single neurons and investigated how the intrinsic dynamics could work as an underlying mechanism of the homeostasis in sensory representation. Here, we combined targeted single-cell ablation via two-photon laser (microablation) and longitudinal Ca2+ imaging in the mouse auditory cortex. After several days of baseline imaging, we microablated 30-50 cells out of 350-450 cells for each field of view, approximately 1% of neurons in the cortical layer 2/3. We found that the primary effect on the sound responsiveness differed based on the types of targeted cells, i.e., abrupt reduction in the population response when strongly sound-responsive cells were microablated, but no effects when non-responsive cells or no cells were microablated, respectively. In the spared cortical network of mice in which sound-responsive cells were microablated, many of the cells responsive to sounds before microablation lost their response gain and signal permanently. On the other hand, the group of cells newly responsive after microablation elevated the overall response gain in the active cells, which could be caused by an increase of the E-to-I ratio. We are currently investigating how these changes lead to a preservation of population responses at the level of auditory representations. Together, we find that ablating just few tens of neurons in the superficial layer of the auditory cortex results in acute and specific changes in the dynamics of the local network. Interestingly, over the time course of several days the network reconfigures and can compensate for the loss of neurons in a homeostatic manner. 2022年7月1日　11:00～12:00　沖縄コンベンションセンター 展示棟　ポスター会場1 2P-205 ストレス誘導型難聴モデルマウスの解析 Analysis of stress-induced hearing loss model mice *鷲見 拓哉(1)、小山 佳久(2,3)、島田 昌一(2,3) 1. 大阪大学大学院医学系研究科細胞生物学、2. 大阪大学大学院医学系研究科神経細胞生物学、3. 大阪精神医療センター　こころの科学リサーチセンター *Takuya Sumi(1), Yoshihisa Koyama(2,3), Shoichi Shimada(2,3) 1. Cell Biol Dept, Grad Sch Med, Univ of Osaka, Osaka, Japan, 2. Neurosci and Cell Biol Dept, Grad Sch Med, Univ of Osaka, Osaka, Japan, 3. Additional Reserch Unit, OPRC, OPMc, Osaka, Japan Keyword: hearing loss, stress “Mental stress” is caused by external factors such as changes in the social or living environment as well as internal factors such as irregular lifestyles and distresses. Previous epidemiological studies have shown that “mental stress” is a major contributor to the onset of hearing impairment in patients with sudden hearing loss and acute low-tone sensorineural hearing loss. It is imperative to elucidate the pathological mechanism of stress-induced hearing loss because of the significant increase in the number of patients and the inefficiency of treatment. Therefore, elucidation of the mechanism will lead to prevention of onset and establishment of radical treatment for stress-induced hearing loss. The mice treated with drug administration or noise exposure have been used as the disease model animals of stress-induced hearing loss until now, but it is considered that they do not completely reflect the clinical symptoms of stress-induced hearing loss because it causes serious damage to the inner ear and hearing does not recover. Hearing in patients with stress-induced hearing loss may be restored with appropriate treatment. Hence, to elucidate the action mechanism of stress-induced hearing loss, it is important to employ an appropriate model animal that reflects the pathological condition of stress-induced hearing loss. In this study, mice were given "physical and mental stress" by alternately changing the temperature of the rearing environment between 4℃ and 24℃. Auditory brain-stem response test demonstrated that stress-induced mice showed elevation of hearing threshold. We analyzed this stress-induced hearing loss model mice to elucidate the action mechanism of stress-induced hearing loss, and will introduce the findings and future prospects. 2022年7月1日　11:00～12:00　沖縄コンベンションセンター 展示棟　ポスター会場1 2P-206 コモンマーモセットの難聴モデルのMRI画像を用いた脳領域間connectivity 解析 Analysis of interregional connectivity using MRI images of a common marmoset model for hearing loss *平林 源希(1,2)、栗原 渉(1,3)、吉丸 大輔(2)、畑 純一(4)、藤岡 正人(5)、山本 裕(1)、小島 博己(1)、岡野 洋尚(2) 1. 東京慈恵会医科大学耳鼻咽喉科、2. 東京慈恵会医科大学再生医学研究部、3. 宮崎大学　耳鼻咽喉科、4. 東京都立大学　人間健康科学研究科、5. 慶應義塾大学　耳鼻咽喉科 *Motoki Hirabayashi(1,2), Sho Kurihara(1,3), Daisuke Yoshimaru(2), Junichi Hata(4), Masato Fujioka(5), Yutaka Yamamoto(1), Hiromi Kojima(1), Hirotaka James Okano(2) 1. Dept.Otorhinolaryngology,Jikei university school of medicine,Tokyo,Japan, 2. Dept.Regenerative Medicine,Jikei university school of medicine,Tokyo,Japan, 3. Dept.Otorhinolaryngology,Grad Sch Med,Univ of Miyazaki,Miyazaki,Japan, 4. Grad Sch of Human Health Sciences,Tokyo Metropolitan University, 5. Dept.Otorhinolaryngology,Keio university school of medicine,Tokyo,Japan Keyword: hearing loss , common marmoset , connectome [Introduction] In 2017, hearing loss was reported as the largest preventable risk factor for dementia1), and since then there has been increasing focus on the impact of hearing loss on the brain. MRI is a useful tool for non-invasively tracking changes in the brain over time, but in human hearing loss research, acute hearing loss is unpredictable and difficult to analyze before and after the onset of hearing loss. In contrast, animal models allow MRI imaging to be performed under relatively uniform conditions before and after the onset of hearing loss, and are particularly useful for studying the central effects of hearing loss in primates, whose brain structure is more similar to that of humans.Diffusion weighting imaging (DWI) is particularly suitable for assessing changes in multiple functions, as it can estimate both connectivity and species location. In this study, we report on the creation of a model of hearing loss in the common marmoset, a small primate, and the analysis of the connectome using DTI before and after the onset of hearing loss. [Methods] <1> Creation of the hearing loss model：Young adult(2 years old) marmosets (n=4), confirmed to have normal hearing by auditory brainstem response (ABR), were exposed to strong sounds. <2> Data acquisition：MRI images of DWI were acquired on a 9.4T-MRI machine (Bruker) before, 1 month, 3 months and 6 months after exposure to sound. <3> Data analysis：For the analysis of the image data, 104 brain regions were assigned using a format for marmosets, and the values between each region were used to extract regions with significant changes in connectivity (P<0.05, effect size >0.8). [Results] The number of brain regions with significantly altered connectivity was particularly high in the visual and multisensory areas of the cortex, and low in the gustatory and olfactory areas, motor cortex and prefrontal cortex. In the cerebral cortex, the number of regions was particularly high in the visual and multisensory areas, and low in the gustatory and olfactory areas, motor cortex and prefrontal cortex. The posterior cingulate gyrus, precuneus, amygdala and hippocampal cortex were also affected. [Conclusion] From the acute phase of hearing loss, there were strong cross-modal changes in areas related to vision, suggesting an impact on related areas of higher function. Further behavioural analysis is needed. 2022年7月1日　11:00～12:00　沖縄コンベンションセンター 展示棟　ポスター会場1 2P-207 赤外光レーザー人工内耳：蝸牛照射赤外光レーザーによる侵襲性の定量化 Laser auditory prosthesis: Quantification of thermal damage following infrared laser stimulation of the cochlea *岡本 彩(1)、上中 望生(1)、小林 耕太(1)、玉井 湧太(2) 1. 同志社大学大学院生命医科学研究科、2. 同志社大学大学院研究開発推進機構 *Aya Okamoto(1), Miku Uenaka(1), Kohta I. Kobayasi(1), Yuta Tamai(2) 1. Grad. Sch. of Life and MedSci., Doshisha Univ., Kyoto, Japan, 2. Org. for Res. Inst. and Dev., Doshisha Univ., Kyoto, Japan Keyword: Cochlear implants, Infrared laser, Mongolian gerbil, classical conditioning Cochlear implants are widely used for compensating the sensorineural hearing loss. One of the greatest drawn backs of cochlear implants is that the devices require invasive surgery for implanting. Infrared neural stimulation has been studied as an alternative approach to auditory prostheses because the laser can elicit neural activity without contacting tissues. Although safety evaluation of infrared laser stimulation of the auditory nerve is required for the practical use of auditory prosthesis with an infrared laser at the clinical level, no studies describe the safety level of radiant energy in laser irradiation of the cochlea. The purpose of this study was to assess the thermal damage of the laser irradiation trauma on neural response and behavior. Head-fixed classical conditioning was performed on Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus). Subjects were trained using bandpass noise of 0.7-44.8k Hz (sound pressure level: 85 dB SPL) as a conditioned stimulus for a reward (a drop of water), and licking behavior was recorded as a conditioned response. After the training was completed, an optic fiber (diameter:100μm) was inserted into the gerbil’s ear canal, and each subject was exposed to continuous pulsed laser irradiation of 0.06, 0.12, 0.24, 0.96, 3.82 mW for 15 hours. The bandpass noise with various intensities (sound pressure level: 20, 35, 50, 65, 80, 95 dB SPL) was presented without the paired water before and after the laser exposure. The result shows that licking rate decreased and the delta licking rate after laser exposure of 3.82 mW was out of the range of ±95 % confidence interval of the delta licking rate in a control condition (i.e., safety margin), while that of 0.06 to 0.96 was not. The cochlear response elicited by the laser exposure of 3.82 mW drastically decreased within 1 hours after the laser exposure onset although that of 0.06- 0.96 mW did not. These results suggest that the laser stimulation of the auditory nerve below or equal to 0.96 mW could be safely applied to the auditory prosthesis. This research will be an essential step for demonstrating the feasibility of the auditory prosthesis with infrared laser stimulation. 2022年7月1日　11:00～12:00　沖縄コンベンションセンター 展示棟　ポスター会場1 2P-208 Neural mechanisms underlying song recognition in the zebra finch higher auditory cortex *Zhehao Cheng(1), Yoko Yazaki-Sugiyama(1) 1. Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University Keyword: higher auditory cortex, aocustic feature, songbirds Male zebra finches recognize their conspecific songs while the song of each individual is unique. Neurons in the zebra finch higher auditory cortex, the caudomedial nidopallium (NCM), respond preferentially to conspecific songs, and a subset of NCM neurons further selectively respond to their tutor’s songs (Yanagihara and Yazaki-Sugiyama, 2016). However, how the NCM neurons detect conspecific songs which differ between each individual has yet to be elucidated. We chronically recorded extracellular single-unit neuronal activities from the NCM neurons in freely behaving adult male zebra finches and tested their auditory responsiveness to the playbacks of zebra finch songs. We recorded from 44 NCM neurons which were classified into narrow (NS, n=6) or broad spiking (BS, n=38) neurons based on their firing rates and spike width. All NS (6/6) neurons responded to all tested zebra finch songs with sustained higher firing rates during the entire duration of song presentation. We found 27 BS neurons were responsive to a subset of the songs tested (1-16/18 songs), and the number of songs to which the BS neurons responded was positively correlated with their evoked firing rates. As the BS neurons showed time-locked responses to specific parts of a song, we further tested if the BS neurons responded to single or a combination of multiple elements of a song by probing with artificial songs in which song elements were deleted one by one (degressive songs). We found all tested BS neurons (7/7) responded to the same elements in a series of degressive songs. Most of them (6/7) increased their response strength to the element when its prior element was deleted. We also tested if BS neurons detect specific acoustic features of song elements by probing with individual elements from different songs and compared similarities between the elements which elicited responses in a BS neuron. BS neurons responded to multiple elements (3-26). In some BS neurons (6/20), the elements which elicited responses shared some acoustic features (pitch, FM, AM entropy etc.), and those were not consistent between neurons. Taken together, we suggest that individual NCM neurons detect different subsets of zebra finch songs by recognizing specific acoustic features of song elements, leading to detect conspecific songs within neuronal circuits in the NCM. 2022年7月1日　11:00～12:00　沖縄コンベンションセンター 展示棟　ポスター会場1 2P-209 先行する音列の規則性に加えたジッターのオリーブ蝸牛束反射と反応時間に対する依存性の比較 (Comparison of dependence of medial olivocochlear reflex and reaction time on jitter added to a preceding sound sequence) *石坂 勇毅(1)、大塚 翔(1)、中川 誠司(1) 1. 千葉大学 *Yuki Ishizaka(1), Sho Otsuka(1), Seiji Nakagawa(1) 1. Chiba university Keyword: medial olivocochlear reflex, prediction, reaction time, electro encephalography Medial olivocochlear (MOC) fibers are efferent projections from superior olivary complex to the outer hair cells (OHCs). The MOC fibers are activated by acoustic stimulation and exert an inhibitory effect on OHC motility; this effect has been termed the medial olivocochlear reflex (MOCR). We have reported that the MOCR and phase locking of delta-band oscillations in cortical regions showed a similar decreasing tendency with increasing the jitter added to the preceding sound sequence. This suggests that anticipatory processing in the cortex is involved in the predictive control of MOCR. By contrast, delta-band oscillations were also shown to be involved in reaction time (RT) reduction associated with temporal predictability. Therefore, we hypothesized that the prediction-related modulations of the MOCR and behavioral reaction are underlined by the same mechanism, namely delta-band oscillation. To test this, we compared dependency of the delta-band activity, MOCR and RT on the jitter added in preceding sounds. The MOCR was assessed noninvasively using otoacoustic emissions (OAEs), which are sounds that originate in the cochlea and reflect OHC motility. We measured the suppression of OAEs induced by noise presented to the contralateral ear. OAEs were evoked by clicks presented at the rate of 40 clicks per second. A stimulus block for the contralateral ear was composed of noise and three preceding tones whose duration was 500 ms. Predictability of the timing of noise was modulated by adding jitter (ΔT) to the inter-stimulus interval (ISI) between the tones and noise, whose default was 500 ms. ΔT was randomly selected from 50, 100, 150, and 200 ms for each stimulus block and fixed within the block. Participants were instructed to push a button when the noise occurred as soon as possible. The RT was defined as the time interval from the onset of the noise to time point of the button press. We estimated the phase locking value (PLV), a measure of the phase synchrony across trials, of the delta-band electroencephalogram oscillations during the noise presentation. The MOCR and the PLV of delta oscillations were decreased and the RT was increased with increasing the jitter up to 20%, and they remained saturated above that. This similar dependence on the jitter size suggests the involvement of delta oscillations in the increase of MOCR and the decrease of RT associated with temporal predictability of the target occurrence based on preceding sound sequence regularity. 2022年7月1日　11:00～12:00　沖縄コンベンションセンター 展示棟　ポスター会場1 2P-210 fMRI深層ニューラルデコーディングによる視覚カテゴリー表象 Deep neural decoding in fMRI reveals visual categorical representation in humans *竹田 真己(1)、三好 康祐(2)、地村 弘二(3,1)、Keerativittayayut Ruedeerat(1)、中原 潔(1)、渡邊 言也(1) 1. 高知工科大学脳コミュニケーション研究センター、2. Narrative Nights, Inc、3. 慶應義塾大学大学院理工学研究科 *Masaki Takeda(1), Kosuke Miyoshi(2), Koji Jimura(3,1), Ruedeerat Keerativittayayut(1), Kiyoshi Nakahara(1), Noriya Watanabe(1) 1. Research Center for Brain Communication, Kochi University of Technology, 2. Narrative Nights, Inc, 3. Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Keio University Keyword: functional MRI, vision, machine learning Deep neural networks (DNNs) have achieved state-of-the-art results for the large-scale image recognition, and recently they have been applied to neural data in a procedure known as neural decoding. In this study, we investigated how a DNN captures the categorical representation of visual objects from human fMRI. During the fMRI experiment, participants (n = 50) performed a visual object classification task (face/object). For the DNN classifier, we built a three-dimensional convolutional neural network, which included three convolution layers for extracting spatial features and two fully connected layers. The input datasets were trial-based non-smoothed fMRI volumes 4–6 sec after the onset of the face/object stimulus presentation. The training, validation, and testing framework for binary classification (face/object, male-face/female-face, or natural-object/artificial-object) for the model were implemented using PyTorch. Hyperparameters were optimized based on a grid search implemented in the train/validation datasets (n = 45), and then generalization performance was assessed using an independent test dataset (n = 5). We used guided gradient-weighted class activation mapping (guided Grad-CAM) to identify brain regions involved in processing class-discriminative information related to the visual categories. Generalization of categorical classification was statistically above chance (chance level of 50%, t-test against zero, false discovery rate q < 0.05) when no trials were averaged (68.8%) and performance improved as a function of the number of averaged trials; when 9 trials were averaged, performance was 84.9%. In contrast, within-categorical classification did not reach statistical significance for faces and objects in either of the trial-averaging conditions (P > 0.05). Next, we visualized the brain regions whose activity contributed to the correct classification of visual categories using the DNN classifier. In both face and object trials, brain regions identified in the univariate analysis had a significantly higher value in the guided Grad-CAM. Taken together, these results suggest that a three-dimensional DNN for whole-brain fMRI volumes decoded visual object categorization with high accuracy. Moreover, discriminative information for visual categories existed throughout the brain-wide regions that were also detected by the univariate analysis. Future studies are required to identify the aspect of neural activity that represents within-category information. 2022年7月1日　11:00～12:00　沖縄コンベンションセンター 展示棟　ポスター会場1 2P-211 運動錯視への色と空間情報の効果 Effects of color and spatial information on motion illusions *小林 汰輔(1)、渡辺 英治(1,2) 1. 基礎生物学研究所、2. 総合研究大学院大学 *Taisuke Kobayashi(1), Eiji Watanabe(1,2) 1. National Institute for Basic Biology, 2. The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI) Keyword: Motion Illusion, Visual Illusion, Spatial Information Integration Motion illusion is a visual illusion in which a static image appears to be moving. The first motion illusion to be discovered is the Fraser-Wilcox illusion, in which images with a pattern of repeating black-to-white gradients induce illusory motion. Since then, many motion illusions have been created, but the Rotating-Snakes Illusion by Prof. Akiyoshi Kitaoka is one of the most famous and has a very large illusion. Two types of luminance gradients, black-blue-white and black-yellow-white, and the presence of color are characteristic, and these are thought to increase the amount of illusion. In this study, we investigated how color and the number of gradients affect the amount of the motion illusion by psychological experiments. In the experiment, we used two types of circular image stimuli with different numbers of luminance gradients consisting of three colors (black, gray, and white) and four colors (black, gray1, white, and gray2) to examine the amount of motion illusion when the luminance and hue of gray, gray1, and gray2 were changed. (Gray means the primary colors or the primary colors replaced by gray color.) To calculate the amount of the illusion, we presented the stimuli to the subjects with actual rotation in the psychological experiment to examine the actual rotation speed that cancels the motion perception from the still images. The results showed that there was a correlation between the luminance of the primary colors and the amount of the illusion when the grays of three-color images were replaced with the primary colors, and that the rotation speed was reversed depending on the luminance. And when the primary color was replaced with gray of the same luminance, the absolute amount of the illusion became smaller while retaining the similarly luminance correlation. In particular, when the luminance was close to white, the illusion was so small that it was close to zero, quantitatively demonstrating the effect of color. In addition, the illusory amount of the four-color stimuli was close to the value obtained by a simple calculation using the illusory amount of the three-color stimuli. This may be due to the spatial information integration in the higher visual cortex. In this study, we were able to quantitatively demonstrate the conventional theory and show a new development. Since this psychological experiment was designed based on the results of a simulation experiment using AI, the process of designing the experiment will also be reported. 2022年7月1日　11:00～12:00　沖縄コンベンションセンター 展示棟　ポスター会場1 2P-212 cGMP依存性陽イオンチャネルとGタンパク質共役型受容体キナーゼによる線虫光忌避行動の制御 cGMP-gated cation channel and G protein-coupled receptor kinase are involved in light avoidance behavior in the nematode Pristionchus pacificus *中山 賢一(1)、千原 崇裕(1,2)、奥村 美紗子(1,2) 1. 広島大学大学院統合生命科学研究科生命医科学プログラム、2. 広島大学大学院統合生命科学研究科基礎生物学プログラム *Ken-ichi Nakayama(1), Takahiro Chihara(1,2), Misako Okumura(1,2) 1. Program of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Japan, 2. Program of Basic Biology, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Japan Keyword: photoreceptor, Forward genetic screening, cGMP-gated channel, G protein-couple receptor kinase Sensing light is an important function for most organisms, which is mediated by photoreceptors such as opsins and cryptochrome. Although nematodes do not have eyes and known photoreceptors, worms can react to light and show avoidance behavior. Recently, a new photoreceptor LITE-1 has been identified in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. However, LITE-1 is only conserved in the genus Caenorhabditis, and the mechanism of light-sensing in other nematodes is unknown. To address this question, we use the nematode Pristionchus pacificus, which has been established as a satellite model organism for comparison with C. elegans and does not have LITE-1 and opsins. We established a light-avoidance assay in P. pacificus, based on C. elegans studies. Similar to C. elegans, illumination of the short-wavelength (UV and blue) light induced avoidance behavior in P. pacificus. To identify genes involved in light-sensing in P. pacificus, we performed a forward genetic screening of the light avoidance behavior and isolated six light-unresponsive mutants. By next-generation sequencing, we found that three strains have mutations in Ppa-tax-4 or Ppa-daf-11. TAX-4 (a cyclic GMP-gated channel) and DAF-11 (a guanylate cyclase) are components of phototransduction in C. elegans. Genome-edited mutants of Ppa-tax-2 (a cyclic GMP-gated channel), Ppa-tax-4, and Ppa-daf-11 also decreased the light avoidance, suggesting that the cGMP pathway is required for the light avoidance behavior and a part of the light-sensing mechanism is conserved between C. elegans and P. pacificus. Transgenic reporter lines revealed that Ppa-tax-2 and Ppa-tax-4 are expressed in some head sensory neurons. We also found that one unresponsive mutant has a mutation in Ppa-grk-2 encoding a G protein-coupled receptor kinase (GRK). Ppa-grk-2 mutants decreased light avoidance while in C. elegans Cel-grk-2 mutant did not decrease light avoidance. Previous studies reported that GRKs phosphorylate and desensitize GPCRs implying that in P. pacificus light detection may be mediated by a GPCR. Future analysis of these mutants may promote an understanding of the mechanism for light detection in nematodes. 2022年7月1日　11:00～12:00　沖縄コンベンションセンター 展示棟　ポスター会場1 2P-213 皮質活動と視床細胞スパイク発火時間パターンとの関係 The relationship between the temporal pattern of spiking activity of a thalamic neuron and cortical activation. *田村 弘(1,2) 1. 大阪大学大学院生命機能研究科、2. CiNet *Hiroshi Tamura(1,2) 1. Grad Sch Front Bio, Osaka Univ, Osaka, Japan, 2. CiNet Keyword: synaptic integration, local field potential, multineuron recording, rat The activity of neurons in sensory cortices depends on thalamic inputs. Because a single thalamic spike induces a small depolarization in the postsynaptic cortical neuron, synaptic inputs should be summated to allow the membrane potential to reach the spiking threshold. Synaptic inputs can be summated temporally. If this is the case in thalamocortical synapses, high-frequency spiking activity during the short period of a thalamic neuron is associated with larger cortical activation than that of a single spike. However, the presence of feedforward inhibition (FFI) at thalamocortical synapses may not allow effective temporal summation of thalamic inputs by a cortical neuron. Thalamocortical relay neurons directly synapse onto inhibitory cortical neurons that inhibit cortical layer 4 neurons. Thus, FFI creates a short temporal window for synaptic integration and suppresses depolarization induced by the latter part of high-frequency spiking activity from thalamocortical relay neurons. Furthermore, the efficacy of thalamocortical excitatory synapses is depressed during repetitive activation of thalamic inputs, with subsequent spikes of a thalamic neuron inducing much smaller depolarization than the first spike. Therefore, the high-frequency spiking activity of a thalamic neuron is not as effective as that expected from the simple temporal summation of excitatory synaptic inputs. The spiking activity of a thalamic neuron in a specific temporal pattern may circumvent the FFI and depression of thalamocortical excitatory synapses. The present study examined whether the firing rate or temporal pattern of spiking activity of a single thalamic neuron was related to the degree of cortical activation. The spiking activity of a thalamic neuron was extracellularly recorded from the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) with simultaneous recording of local field potential (LFP) from the visual cortex (VC) in urethane-anesthetized and head-restrained male Long-Evans rats. To examine the relationship between the spiking activity of an LGN neuron and cortical LFP, the LGN spike-triggered average (STA) of LFP was calculated. Although both firing rate and temporal pattern of spiking activity of an LGN neuron were related to amplitude of STA-LFP recorded from VC, a specific temporal pattern of spiking activity appearing in three consecutive spikes of an LGN neuron induced larger LFP modulation recorded from VC than high-frequency spiking activity during the short period. 2022年7月1日　11:00～12:00　沖縄コンベンションセンター 展示棟　ポスター会場1 2P-214 マウス側頭皮質のサイズ表現領域は正/負の行動に関与する領域に神経投射を持つ A visual area in mouse temporal cortex represents the size of visual objects and has projections to areas associated with positive or negative behaviors *西尾 奈々(1,2,3)、澁木 克栄(4)、大木 研一(1,2,3) 1. 東京大院医統合生理、2. 東京大学ニューロインテリジェンス国際研究機構、3. Beyond AI 研究推進機構、4. 新潟大脳研基礎神経科学システム脳生理 *Nana Nishio(1,2,3), Katsuei Shibuki(4), Kenichi Ohki(1,2,3) 1. Dept Physiol, Univ of Tokyo, Japan, 2. WPI-IRCN, Univ of Tokyo, Japan, 3. Institute for AI and Beyond, Univ of Tokyo, Japan, 4. Dept Neurophysiol, BRI, Niigata Univ, Japan Keyword: the ventral visual stream, object recognition, positive or negative behaviors, the temporal cortex The visual cortex of mice is a useful model for investigating the mammalian visual system. In primates, the ventral stream leading to the temporal cortex is known to be important for object recognition and called “what” pathway. In mice, the lateral part of the occipital cortex around V1 are suggested to belong to the ventral stream, although the whole picture of the mouse ventral stream has not been elucidated. We recently demonstrated that an area of the temporal cortex (ectorhinal cortex, ECT, or TEa/36a), innervated by ventral visual stream area POR, responds to visual stimuli, and that the responsive regions in ECT varied with object size (Nishio et al., 2018). Using two-photon imaging, we found that ECT neurons are elective for object size; neurons in the anterior part of ECT show a preference for large sizes and neurons in the posterior part show a preference for small sizes. To clarify the role of this size representation in ECT, we observed neuronal projections from the anterior part (large-size area) and posterior part (small-size area) of ECT by using AAV. Interestingly, axonal projection patterns from these subregions were different. Projections from the large-size area localized in the D2R-dominant zone of the tail of striatum (TS) and anterior parts of the lateral and basolateral amygdala (LA and BA), which were presumed to be involved in aversive behavior from previous reports (Bromberg-Martin et al., 2010; Kim et al., 2016), while projections from the small-size area localized in the D1R-dominant zone of TS and posterior parts of LA and BA, which were presumed to be involved in reward behavior. In addition, we found that the large-size area responded to looming visual stimuli, known to induce innate avoidance behavior, and also to simple aversive stimuli such as electric shocks and air puffs. Based on our results, we hypothesized that the large-size area in ECT is involved in negative behaviors, while the small-size area is involved in positive behaviors. This may be consistent with an idea that predators are large and prey are small and those will induce negative and positive behaviors, respectively. In this presentation, we would like to show further analysis of this visual areas in the mouse temporal cortex, including behavioral experiments. 2022年7月1日　11:00～12:00　沖縄コンベンションセンター 展示棟　ポスター会場1 2P-215 キンギョ網膜のシングルセル遺伝子発現解析による全ゲノム重複後のサブゲノム初期進化過程の理解 Single-cell transcriptomics of the goldfish retina reveals subgenome evolution after whole-genome duplication *大森 義裕(1)、今 鉄男(1)、福多 賢太郎(3)、野口 英樹(3)、豊田 敦(2) 1. 長浜バイオ大学、2. 国立遺伝学研究所、3. データサイエンス共同利用基盤施設 *Yoshihiro Omori(1), Tetsuo Kon(1), Kentaro Fukuta(3), Hideki Noguchi(3), Atsushi Toyoda(2) 1. Nagahama Institute of Bioscience and Technology, 2. National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Japan, 3. Joint Support-Center for Data Science Research, Research Organization of Information and Systems, Mishima, Japan Keyword: retina, evolution, genome, single cell analysis The evolutionary diversity related to visual functions such as wavelength shift, photoreceptor distribution, interneuron responses, and retinal layer structure is widely observed in vertebrates. Whole-genome duplication (WGD) is a doubling of the entire genome during evolution and is supposed to provide a drastic impact on diversification and evolutionary innovations. Vertebrates including teleost fish are thought to have experienced two rounds of WGD (1R and 2R) approximately 530 and 560 million years ago. The WGD has played an essential role in the evolution of retinal diversification in vertebrates, however, the gene evolution of early-stage after WGD has not been clear. The ancestor of goldfish (Carassius auratus) underwent a fourth round of WGD (Cs4R, carp-specific WGD) approximately 8–14 million years ago. Due to the relatively recent WGD that occurred in the goldfish ancestors, goldfish genome and expression profiling provide a useful model to study the early stages of duplicated gene fates after WGD. Here, we performed single-cell RNA-sequencing analysis (scRNA-seq) using goldfish retina. This analysis identified a group of genes that underwent dosage selection that accounted for 5% of all ohnolog pairs analyzed. We also identified hundreds of putative sub/neo-functionalized ohnolog pairs that are thought to undergo cell-type-specific genetic variation at the single-cell resolution level. Thus, single-cell level transcriptome analysis revealed the early stages of retinal cell evolution that occurred after the WGD. We will discuss the relationship between these sub/neo-functionalization of ohnolog expression patterns observed in the goldfish retina and the evolution of expression change of ohnologs occurring at a relatively early stage after WGD. 2022年7月1日　11:00～12:00　沖縄コンベンションセンター 展示棟　ポスター会場1 2P-216 視覚刺激による重心偏位を補正する神経機構 Neural mechanisms to compensate postural instability caused by visual stimuli *大篭 友博(1)、中原 輝星(1)、縄田 ルキア(1)、松尾 陵太(1) 1. 大阪河﨑リハビリテーション大学 *Tomohiro Ohgomori(1), Hikaru Nakahara(1), Rukia Nawata(1), Ryota Matsuo(1) 1. Osaka Kawasaki Rehabilitation University Keyword: postural control, visual inputs, prefrontal cortex Neural mechanisms to compensate postural instability caused by visual stimuli Humans continuously receive sensory information from their external environment. It is widely accepted that postural control, which is mainly evaluated as the movement activity of the center of pressure (COP), is strongly affected by sensory information. For instance, the movement activity of COP was enlarged by the proprioceptive deprivation of the feet. We recently revealed that the prefrontal cortex is activated by the proprioceptive deprivation (unipedal standing) and the change in activity is closely associated with the conscious regulation of the COP displacement. On the other hand, the prefrontal cortex was also activated by cognitive tasks: however cognitive task-dependent change in activity was not associated with COP movement. It was surprised that the COP displacement was significantly attenuated when the moving signals included in the cognitive tasks were used as visual stimuli, suggesting that visual information may affect the postural compensation by mechanisms different from proprioception. In this study, several types of visual stimuli were subjected to participants, and the movement activity of COP, gaze points, and the activity of prefrontal cortex were synchronously measured. We found two types of visual stimuli (type A and B) that affect COP displacement. Although the total moving distance of gaze points were comparable between two types of visual stimuli, the distance of COP movement was significantly larger in type A than in type B. Dynamic time warping analysis revealed that the distance and amplitude of COP movement was specifically enlarged, when the moving pattern of gaze point was synchronized with that of COP (type A). The relative proportions of frequency bandwidths of COP movement and the activity of prefrontal cortex did not differ among visual stimuli. Our data indicate that visual stimulation specifically affect the amplitude of COP movement through the activation in other brain areas except for the prefrontal cortex. 2022年7月1日　11:00～12:00　沖縄コンベンションセンター 展示棟　ポスター会場1 2P-217 老化マウスの視運動性応答に対する緑茶カテキンの効果 Effect of green tea and tea catechin on the visual motion processing for optokinetic responses in aging mice *杉田 祐子(1)、古川 貴久(1) 1. 大阪大学 蛋白質研究所 *Yuko Sugita(1), Takahisa Furukawa(1) 1. Protein Inst, Osaka Univ Keyword: vision, green tea, epigallocatechin gallate, aging mice Among the foods and beverages around us, green tea is known to contain various bioactive substances. In general, catechins contained in green tea are believed to have positive effects on the human body and mental health. Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), the most abundant catechin in green tea, is a powerful antioxidant with multiple pharmacological effects. The intake of catechins, especially EGCG, which is abundant in green tea, is effective for retinal tissue protection; however, it remains unclear whether and how EGCG modulates visual function. 　The optokinetic response (OKR) is a reflexive eye movement elicited by a moving visual pattern that has been studied in several animal species, including humans, and serves as a useful tool for evaluating visual motion processing. Our recent OKR study using aging mice, which display synaptic terminal mislocalization in the retina, showed that optimal spatiotemporal frequency and amplitudes were significantly reduced in aging mice compared to those in young mice. We also found that the OKR in young mice by ingesting green tea was enhanced, which may be related to the effect of EGCG. 　In present study, to investigate the effect of EGCG contained in green tea on visual motion processing in aging mice, we investigated the OKRs of aging mice fed a diet containing matcha or green tea. We examined the effects of green tea on visual function for OKR after we administrated green tea to aging mice by feeding the food containing of green tea for one month. The OKR the was examined by measuring the slow phase eye velocity of the optokinetic nystagmus induced by sinusoidal gratings of various spatiotemporal frequencies moving for 30s. The mice after administrated green tea showed the OKRs with a temporal frequency tuning that was different from those in control mice. From these analyses, we observed the effect of green tea contains the component increasing the optimal temporal frequency in OKR. The results showed that green tea intake had an effect on visual function in aging mice. In addition, to investigate the effect of EGCG on visual motion processing, EGCG was intraperitoneally administered to aging mice, and eye movements were measured. We found that the OKR of the mice after EGCG administration became higher in temporal sensitivity than control mice. This was consistent with the large response of OKR when ingesting green tea. 　We found that the OKRs of aging mice after green tea intake and after EGCG administration showed higher temporal sensitivity than those of control mice. The visual ability to detect moving objects was enhanced in aging mice upon intake of green tea or EGCG. From the above results, the visual motion processing for optokinetic responses by ingesting green tea was enhanced, which may be related to the effect of EGCG. 2022年7月1日　11:00～12:00　沖縄コンベンションセンター 展示棟　ポスター会場1 2P-218 注意が選択反応時間を短縮させる要因の解析 Analysis of the factors that cause attention to shorten choice reaction time *上野 智広(1)、熊野 弘紀(1)、宇賀 貴紀(1) 1. 山梨大学大学院総合研究部医学域 *Tomohiro Ueno(1), Hironori Kumano(1), Takanori Uka(1) 1. Grad Sch Med, Univ of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan Keyword: decision making, attention, drift diffusion model, human psychophysics When attention is directed to an object, reaction time is shortened. This is thought to be partly due to the increased neural sensitivity of the sensory cortex. The drift-diffusion model (DDM) is often used as a model to explain reaction time; in the DDM, information consistent with each choice is accumulated, and a decision is made when the accumulated information exceeds a certain amount. According to this model, there are three factors that can shorten reaction time: first, reducing the amount of information accumulated before a decision reaches a threshold, second, increasing the sensitivity of information gathering related to the decision, and third, shortening the time not involved in the decision (time to start the decision, time from the decision to action). We combined a motion direction discrimination task with a Posner task to examine factors that reduce reaction time when attention is directed. Eight subjects fixated on a single point in the center of the screen. Then, a left- or right-pointing arrow appeared above the fixation point for one second, and the subjects were instructed to direct their attention in the direction of the arrow. Next, two random dot patterns appeared on the left and right sides of the fixation point, one of which moved up or down; in 80% of trials, the random dot in the direction of the arrow moved (congruent condition), and in 20% of trials, the random dot on the opposite side of the arrow moved (incongruent condition). Subjects were instructed to press a button as quickly as possible to determine if the random dot moved up or down. The intensity of the motion was manipulated by varying the coherence of the motion. In the congruent condition, the percentage of correct responses was higher and the reaction time was shorter than in the incongruent condition. DDM was applied to these data to examine how the three parameters, A (threshold), k (sensitivity), and tR (non-decision time), differed between the two conditions. The results showed that in the congruent condition, sensitivity was higher (k, congruent: 0.191, incongruent: 0.100) and non-decision time was shorter (tR, congruent: 498.0 ms, incongruent: 547.7 ms) than the incongruent condition. There was also no difference in threshold (A, congruent: 37.84, incongruent: 37.38). These results suggest that when attention is directed, the sensitivity to capture information is increased and the time not relevant to the decision is reduced, thus reducing the reaction time. 2022年7月1日　11:00～12:00　沖縄コンベンションセンター 展示棟　ポスター会場1 2P-219 Diacylglycerol lipase-α ノックアウトマウスにみられる早期眼優位可塑性への抑制性神経回路の関与 Involvement of inhibitory neuronal circuits in the precocious ocular dominance plasticity of diacylglycerol lipase-α knockout mice *亀山 克朗(1)、米田 泰輔(1,2,3)、後藤 隆浩(1)、寺田 慧子(1)、高木 正浩(2,3)、吉村 由美子(2,3)、崎村 建司(4)、狩野 方伸(5,6)、畠 義郎(1) 1. 鳥取大学医学部、2. 生理学研究所、3. 総合研究大学院大学生命科学研究科、4. 新潟大学脳研究所、5. 東京大学大学院医学系研究科、6. 東京大学国際高等研究所ニューロインテリジェンス国際研究機構 *Katsuro Kameyama(1), Taisuke Yoneda(1,2,3), Takahiro Gotou(1), Keiko Terata(1), Masahiro Takagi(2,3), Yumiko Yoshimura(2,3), Kenji Sakimura(4), Masanobu Kano(5,6), Yoshio Hata(1) 1. Fac of Med, Tottori Univ, Yonago, Japan, 2. Natl Inst for Physiol Sci, Okazaki, Japan, 3. Sch of Life Sci, SOKENDAI, Okazaki, Japan, 4. Brain Res Inst, Niigata Univ, Niigata, Japan, 5. Grad Sch of Med, Univ of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan, 6. WPI-IRCN, Univ of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan Keyword: MOUSE VISUAL CORTEX, OCULAR DOMINANCE PLASTICITY, ENDOCANNABINOID, DIACYLGLYCEROL LIPASE-ALPHA Cortical neurons show adaptive plasticity in response to sensory input during the critical period of early postnatal development. In the visual system, monocular deprivation (MD) during the critical period causes a reduction of visual responses to the deprived eye in the primary visual cortex (V1). This ocular dominance plasticity (ODP) peaks at one month after birth in mice and the maturation of inhibitory circuits contributes to the timing of the critical period. We have focused on the role of endocannabinoids, which regulate synaptic transmission, in ODP. 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) is one of the major endocannabinoids in the brain. We examined ODP in diacylglycerol lipase-α (DGL-α) knockout mice in which 2-AG is not synthesized. As a result, ODP was significantly suppressed especially in layer II/III and IV of DGL-α knockout mice at the peak of the critical period. Nevertheless, ODP was observed in these layers of DGL-α knockout mice before the peak of the critical period. The precocious ODP observed in DGL-α knockout mice was blocked by the intraperitoneal administration of an inverse agonist of the GABAA receptor benzodiazepine site, methyl-6,7-dimethoxy-4-ethyl-β-carboline-3-carboxylate (DMCM). We also performed whole-cell patch-clamp recordings of excitatory neurons in acute V1 slices and measured miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents (mIPSCs). The frequency of mIPSCs was higher in layer II/III and IV of DGL-α knockout mice than in those of wild-type mice before the peak of the critical period, while we found no difference in the amplitude of mIPSCs. These results suggest that inhibitory circuits are involved in the precocious ODP of DGL-α knockout mice and the lack of endocannabinoids may promote the cortical inhibitory functions. 2022年7月1日　11:00～12:00　沖縄コンベンションセンター 展示棟　ポスター会場1 2P-220 クオリアの復号化: 脳波からの表面画像の再構成と材質分類 Qualia decoding: image reconstruction and classification of surface materials from EEG *織間 大気(1,2)、本吉 勇(1) 1. 東京大学大学院、2. 日本学術振興会 *Taiki Orima(1,2), Isamu Motoyoshi(1) 1. The University of Tokyo, 2. Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Keyword: EEG, material perception, deep neural network, neural decoding The human visual system can easily perceive material properties of natural surfaces. To reveal the underlying dynamic neural processing of material perception in human visual cortex, we attempted to decode critical information for perception and classification of surface materials from visual evoked potentials (VEPs). First, we recorded VEPs for 191 images of various natural surfaces (20 categories; e.g., stones, fabrics, metals). Each image was shown to human observers for 500 ms. Next, based on our technique that reconstructs natural-texture images from VEPs (Orima & Motoyoshi, 2021; Wakita et al., 2021), we trained a multimodal variational autoencoder (MVAE) using surface images and corresponding VEPs as input. Finally, we performed linear-regression and classification analysis to predict material categories and perceived surface qualities (13 properties; e.g., glossiness, bumpiness) measured in a separate psychophysical experiment. Using deep VEP features in the trained MVAE, we were able to estimate human ratings for all of 13 surface properties at a statistically significant level and to classify 20 material categories with more than 55% correct rate. The accuracy of estimation and classification increased with increasing length of time of the inputted VEPs and reached the maximum at around 200 ms after stimulus onset. In addition, using only VEPs as input, we were able to reconstruct photorealistic surface images similar to the original images. These results further support the idea that cortical representations of spatially-global image features, which can be reflected in low-spatial-resolution EEG patterns, play critical roles for the perception of surface materials and their qualities. 2022年7月1日　11:00～12:00　沖縄コンベンションセンター 展示棟　ポスター会場1 2P-221 脳磁図による視覚刺激の意味情報デコーディング Decoding magnetoencephalography signals to infer semantic information of visual stimulus *楊 惠翔(1)、福間 良平(1,2,3)、貴島 晴彦(2)、柳澤 琢史(1,2,3) 1. 大阪大学高等共創研究院、2. 大阪大学大学院医学系研究科、3. ATR脳情報研究所 *Huixiang Yang(1), Ryohei Fukuma(1,2,3), Haruhiko Kishima(2), Takufumi Yanagisawa(1,2,3) 1. Institute for Advanced Co-Creation Studies, Osaka University, 2. Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 3. ATR Computational Neuroscience Laboratories Keyword: neural decoding, visual processing, semantic processing, MEG Introduction: Horikawa (2017) demonstrated that semantic categories of visual stimuli could be identified from fMRI patterns using activation patterns of neurons in pre-trained AlexNet. However, it remains unclear how well the "semantic" information can be extracted from the visual stimuli using different neural networks. Recently, a neural network called CLIP has been developed that effectively learns visual concepts by using natural language models. With magnetoencephalography (MEG) with a high temporal resolution of its signals, the current study investigates image stimuli' visual and semantic processing. Methods: A healthy participant passively viewed images that were updated every 500 ms under recoding of MEG during two experimental sessions. In each session, the participant was shown 1,200 images from 150 object categories (8 images per category) of the ImageNet dataset in random order. Cortical currents were estimated from the MEG signals using BrainStorm. Slow cortical potentials (SCPs) were calculated from the estimated cortical current as brain activity features. Each image was transformed to a vector using either of image encoder of the pre-trained CLIP model (CLIP features) or fully connected layer 6 (fc6) in the pre-trained AlexNet model (fc6 features). We decoded SCPs using ridge regression and nested cross-validation to predict CLIP/fc6 features. Decoding accuracy was evaluated using Pearson's correlation coefficients. We also evaluated the accuracy to identify image categories by comparing the decoded features with the entire set of the original features. Results: Decoding analysis using CLIP features found that the decoding accuracy in visual region-of-interests (ROIs) was higher than in other regions during the 250~450ms period, while the accuracy using fc6 features in the same visual ROIs increased faster in time and more intensive when compared with those using CLIP features. The accuracy of identifying image categories was higher than the chance level using either CLIP or fc6 features, and there appeared to be no difference in their identification accuracy. Conclusion: Our results show that although the decoding model using CLIP features does not perform as well as fc6, both have similar performance in identifying image categories. This result indicates that CLIP features contain semantic information about the images and are no less than the information in the AlexNet intermediate layer. 2022年7月1日　11:00～12:00　沖縄コンベンションセンター 展示棟　ポスター会場1 2P-222 代謝型グルタミン酸受容体6型の細胞膜表面局在に関するN型糖鎖修飾の役割 Role of N-linked glycosylation in mGluR6 intracellular trafficking *赤木 巧(1)、下畑 充志(1)、荻原 郁夫(1)、金田 誠(1) 1. 日本医科大学 システム生理学 *Takumi Akagi(1), Atsushi Shimohata(1), Ikuo Ogiwara(1), Makoto Kaneda(1) 1. Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan Keyword: Metabotropic glutamate receptor, glycosylation, extracellular domain, cell surface localization The metabotropic glutamate receptor 6 (mGluR6) is a retina-specific G protein-coupled receptor that plays critical roles in the processing of visual signals. mGluR6 is predominantly expressed at the dendritic tips of retinal bipolar cells where the receptor senses glutamate released from photoreceptors and contribute to the hyperpolarization of ON bipolar cells. We have previously shown that the deletion of the intracellular C-terminal domain of mGluR6 severely attenuated receptor cell surface localization and intracellular signaling (Rai et al. J. Neurochem. 2021), while others have reported that the mutations within the extracellular domain (ECD) of mGluR6 associated with night blindness disrupt receptor surface localization. It is widely accepted that N-linked glycosylation of the ECD is critical for intracellular trafficking of membrane proteins. In order to examine whether N-linked glycosylation is occurred on the four putative N-glycosylation sites within the mGluR6 ECD (Asn-Xaa-Ser/Thr: Asn 290, Asn 445, Asn 473, Asn 561), we constructed mGluR6 mutants with single, triple and quadruple Asn-to-Gln substitutions. Immunoblotting showed that all the four single substituted mutants expressed in HEK293T cells ran slightly faster than the wild-type construct, and that the quadruple mutant migrated the fastest. Immunofluorescent cytochemistry showed that the quadruple and triple Asn-to-Gln substitutions severely reduced mGluR6 cell surface levels. We also showed that an N-glycosylation inhibitor, tunicamycin, drastically reduced surface levels of the wild-type construct expressed in HEK 293T cells, and that tunicamycin-treated mGluR6 ran at the same size to the quadruple Asn-to-Gln substituted mutant. We furthermore showed that deglycosylation of the wild-type construct with endoglycosidase H and peptide N-glycosidase resulted in a decrease in the apparent molecular weight in the immunoblot. These findings suggest that mGluR6 is N-glycosylated at four Asn residues within the ECD, and that the ECD N-glycosylation regulates mGluR6 intracellular trafficking and cell surface localization. 2022年7月1日　11:00～12:00　沖縄コンベンションセンター 展示棟　ポスター会場1 2P-223 ON型、OFF型スターバーストアマクリン細胞のアセチルコリンの放出は異なるアセチルコリン受容体によって制御される。 Acetylcholine release of ON and OFF starburst amacrine cells are regulated through different acetylcholine receptors. *雁木 美衣(1)、丸山 拓真(1,2)、石井 俊行(1)、金田 誠(1) 1. 日本医科大学、2. 東京女子医科大学 *Mie Gangi(1), Takuma Maruyama(1,2), Toshiyuki Ishii(1), Makoto Kaneda(1) 1. Nippon Medical School, 2. Tokyo Women’s Medical University Keyword: retina, feedback, amacrine cell, GABA In the retina, visual information is processed in parallel in ON and OFF pathways. Starburst amacrine cells (SACs) are interneurons that release acetylcholine (ACh) and GABA as transmitters. They comprise two spatially segregated populations that form circuits in the ON or OFF sublamina in the inner plexiform layer. Because the morphological properties of ON and OFF SACs are mirror-symmetrical, the functions of ON and OFF SACs have been assumed to be same. However, in a series of experiments, we have shown that SACs exert asymmetric signal processing between the ON and OFF pathways. The P2X2-purinergic receptors selectively excite OFF SACs, while the inhibitory actions of glycine receptors mainly work in ON SACs. In addition, we have shown the possibility that choline, a precursor of ACh, is transported through P2X2-purinergic receptors and used for ACh synthesis in OFF SACs. In the present study, therefore, we examined whether such differences between ON and OFF SACs can produce further difference in cholinergic signaling pathways. When we applied ACh to SACs, inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) increased in both ON and OFF SACs. The increase of IPSCs by ACh was completely inhibited by SR95531, an antagonist of GABAA receptors, indicating that both ON and OFF SACs receive inhibitory feedback from GABAergic amacrine cells when they release ACh. Oxotremorine, a muscarinic ACh receptor agonist, increased IPSCs in ON SACs but not in OFF SACs, while nicotine, a nicotinic ACh receptor agonist, increased IPSCs in both SACs at >P28. In early developmental stage (P7, P8), nicotine but not oxotremorine increased IPSCs in both ON and OFF SACs. These results indicate that ON and OFF cholinergic pathways are not mirror-symmetric and differentially regulated through different acetylcholine receptors. 2022年7月1日　11:00～12:00　沖縄コンベンションセンター 展示棟　ポスター会場1 2P-224 網膜におけるトランスデューシンαサブユニット結合タンパク質Unc119の機能解析 Functional analysis of the Transducin α subunit-binding protein Unc119 in the retina *小林 康暉(1)、茶屋 太郎(1)、前田 和(1)、古川 貴久(1) 1. 大阪大学　蛋白質研究所 *Koki Kobayashi(1), Taro Chaya(1), Yamato Maeda(1), Takahisa Furukawa(1) 1. Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University Keyword: G protein, retina, cone-rod dystrophy Vision in vertebrates begins with light reception and conversion to electrical signals through the phototransduction cascade by rod and cone photoreceptor cells in the retina. Rod photoreceptors are responsible for low light vision, while cone photoreceptors are responsible for high-resolution daylight and color vision. The converted electrical signals are processed in the retinal circuit and transmitted to the brain. Transducin is a heterotrimeric G protein which is a component of the phototransduction cascade. Rhodopsin and cone opsins stimulated by light activate Transducin, which eventually closes a cation channel. The rod-specific Transducin α-subunit, Gnat1, is known to regulate light/dark adaptation by changing its subcellular localization depending on light. Our previous study revealed that Gnat1 translocation in rod photoreceptor cells under the light/dark conditions requires the E3 ligase Klhl18-mediated ubiquitination and degradation of Unc119, which is known to bind to Gnat1. A mutation in the human UNC119 gene is known to be associated with cone-rod dystrophy, however the underlying pathological mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we generated Unc119-deficient (Unc119-/-) mice by CRISPR-Cas9 system and performed electrophysiological and histological analyses. Unc119-deficiency caused decreased cone light responses and mislocalization of cone opsins in cone photoreceptor cells. In addition, human UNC119 mutant associated with cone-rod dystrophy inhibits the function of UNC119. These results indicate that Unc119-deficiency abrogates the cone photoreceptor function, and suggest that UNC119 dysfunction may be a cause of the pathogenesis of cone-rod dystrophy. Our current study will advance our understanding of the function of G proteins in the retina and the pathological mechanism of cone-rod dystrophy. 2022年7月1日　11:00～12:00　沖縄コンベンションセンター 展示棟　ポスター会場1 2P-225 半球間視覚情報統合の個人差に関するメカニズムの解明 Elucidating the mechanism of individual differences in interhemispheric visual information integration in humans *萩原 淳(1,2)、上原 一将(2,1)、北城 圭一(2,1) 1. 総合研究大学院大学 生命科学研究科、2. 自然科学研究機構 生理学研究所 神経ダイナミクス研究部門 *Makoto HAGIHARA(1,2), Kazumasa Uehara(2,1), Keiichi Kitajo(2,1) 1. Department of Physiological Sciences, The Graduate University of Advanced Studies, Okazaki, Japan, 2. Division of Neural Dynamics, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan Keyword: Individual difference, Visual information integration, Interhemispheric interaction, phase synchronization We investigated the mechanism of individual differences in the capacity to integrate visual information across the two cerebral hemispheres. Due to the structure of the optic chiasm, the perceived visual information of the left visual field is transmitted to the primary visual cortex of the right hemisphere, and the information of the right visual field is transmitted to the visual cortex of the left hemisphere. Therefore, to track the objects moving between visual fields, an information integration process between task-relevant brain areas distributed in the two hemispheres is required. Prior studies have suggested that transient networks formed by EEG phase synchronization between the left and right hMT+ regions play an important role in this interhemispheric interaction. In our study, we used a multiple object tracking task to estimate the interhemispheric information integration capacity, which was analyzed based on both task performance and interhemispheric phase synchronization. It is possible to manipulate the need for interhemispheric information integration by using the MOT task in two conditions. One is Within condition in which objects moved only within each visual field and the other is Between condition in which objects moved across visual fields. Interhemispheric information integration is more required in the Between condition than Within condition. The correct rate was used as an index to assess task performance. As a result, there was no significant difference in group-averaged task performance between the two conditions. However, individual differences were observed in the performance of participants, such as which of the two task conditions' performance was better. On the other hand, comparing phase synchronization between EEG electrode pairs located closed to left and right hMT+, there was an increasing tendency for the phase synchronization in the γ2 band (45-70 Hz) in the Between condition trials. In addition, the results of the principal component analysis, performed on the task performance and phase synchronization between the task conditions, showed a strong correlation in the second principal component. Our results suggest that gamma-band phase synchronization between two hemispheres plays a role in interhemispheric information integration, and that the degree of individual differences in EEG synchronization between hemispheres accounts for individual differences in perceptual capacity to integrate information between hemispheres. 2022年7月1日　11:00～12:00　沖縄コンベンションセンター 展示棟　ポスター会場1 2P-226 ネコ視覚皮質の多細胞活動による刺激方向復号化における刺激依存性発火数相関の寄与 Contribution of Stimulus Dependent Spike Count Correlations to Decoding of Stimulus Directions from Neuron Populations in Cat Visual Cortex *伊藤 浩之(1)、田畑 惟(1)、幸野 怜歩(1)、圓山 由子(2)、森 理也(3) 1. 京都産業大学、2. 函館高専、3. 津山高専 *Hiroyuki Ito(1), Yui Tabata(1), Reo Kohno(1), Yoshiko Maruyama(2), Yoshiya Mori(3) 1. Kyoto Sangyo University, 2. Nat. Inst. of Tech., Hakodate College, 3. Nat. Inst. of Tech., Tsuyama College Keyword: population coding, spike count correlation, brain machine interface, support vector machine Even under repeated presentations of the same stimulus, the spike counts of a single sensory cortical neuron show a considerable amount of trial-to-trial variability. One of the challenges in Brain-Machine Interface is to decode the stimulus information from the single trial activities of simultaneously recorded multiple neurons. We recorded multiple single neurons in the visual cortex of anesthetized cats under the moving bar of 16 different directions (40 trials for each stimulus). We have shown that the variabilities were correlated between the neuron pairs (spike count correlation) and some neuron pairs showed stimulus dependent variations in their spike count correlations (Maruyama & Ito, 2013). Previously we have applied the multi-dimensional Gaussian model (MDGM) with stimulus dependent covariances to decode the stimulus directions (the size of the populations N= 2~15). The decoding performance was tested by the cross validation. The model worked well leading to the performances of 6.4~76.7% over 48 sessions exceeding the chance level (6.25%). We also examined the increase of the performance by increasing the number of neurons included to the model. Although this model was simple and intuitively understandable, we found that the performance of the cross validation declined for the models with a larger number of neurons. We concluded that too many model parameters and non-Gaussian distributions of the data led to over-fitting (Ito et al., 2019). In order to overcome those problems, we applied the Support Vector Machine (SVM) model. We adopted non-linear SVM models with the radial basis function (RBF) kernel and carefully selected the hyper parameters to optimize the performance of the cross-validation. Since we could avoid over-fitting, the SVM model showed better performance than MDGM even for the models with a larger number of neurons. We examined the contribution of the spike count correlations and their stimulus dependence to the decoding performance. At first, we found that the data with finite spike count correlations showed better decoding performances than those without correlation (independent variabilities) obtained by the trial shuffling. Secondly, examining the contribution of stimulus dependent spike count correlations, we introduced a novel stimulus shuffling method by which throughout all the stimulus clusters each unit pair had the finite and identical spike count correlation averaged over all the stimuli. There we found a tendency that the sessions having a higher degree of stimulus dependent variations in their spike count correlations showed a higher decoding performance than the stimulus shuffled data without stimulus dependent spike count correlations. Our findings suggested that both the spike count correlations and their stimulus dependence could add extra decoding information to the population coding model solely based on the spike counts. 2022年7月1日　11:00～12:00　沖縄コンベンションセンター 展示棟　ポスター会場1 2P-227 視覚意思決定におけるマウス全皮質のアセチルコリンの動態 The dynamics of acetylcholine in the whole cortex of the mouse during visual decision-making. *佐藤 彰典(1)、竹内 遼介(1)、伊藤 慶(1)、山口 真広(1)、小坂田 文隆(1,2,3) 1. 名古屋大・院創薬科学・細胞薬効解析、2. 名古屋大・高等研究院・神経情報処理研究チーム、3. 名古屋大・未来社会創造機構・ナノライフシステム研究所 *Akinori Y Sato(1), Ryosuke F Takeuchi(1), Kei N Ito(1), Masahiro Yamaguchi(1), Fumitaka Osakada(1,2,3) 1. Lab. of Cell. Pharmacol., Grad. Sch. of Pharm. Sci., Nagoya Univ., 2. Lab. Neural Info. Proc., Inst. Adv. Res., Nagoya Univ., 3. NLS, Inst. Inn. Fut. Soc., Nagoya Univ. Keyword: Acetylcholine, Mouse, Vision, Wide-field imaging Our visual perception is generated by visual information processing in the brain. The information processing in the brain dynamically changes depending on behavioral contexts and psychological states. The neural dynamics are regulated mainly by neuromodulators, such as acetylcholine, that regulate various brain functions, including visual function. Although acetylcholine is released to and affects the whole brain regions, the neural mechanism of the modulation remains unclear because little research focused on other brain regions than the primary visual cortex (Pinto et al., 2013). In order to investigate the point, we focused on acetylcholine imaging from behaving animals. Wide-field imaging with a genetically encoded fluorescent sensor of acetylcholine, iAChSnFR (Borden et al., 2020), allows us to monitor the distribution and concentrations of acetylcholine across the mouse brain along the time course of behavioral tasks. To measure the contrast threshold of mice as an index of visual perception, we developed a visual detection task for head-fixed mice. In the task, a visual stimulus is presented on the right or left display in front of the mouse. After a certain period of time, two spouts were presented, and the reward was given by licking the spout on the side corresponding to the stimulus. The wide-field imaging of iAChSnFR during the task demonstrated that the response was modulated depending on whether mice tried to lick the spout to report the stimulus detection. In addition, the response dynamics showed different patterns in the anterior or posterior cortex regions, and the amplitude of the modulation was greater in the anterior region, such as the secondary motor cortex. These results delineate region-specific and timing-specific roles of acetylcholine during visual decision-making. 2022年7月1日　11:00～12:00　沖縄コンベンションセンター 展示棟　ポスター会場1 2P-228 前頭頭頂ネットワークにおける数量情報の相対的符号化 Scalable Numerosity Coding in the Frontoparietal Network *木戸 照明(1,2)、四本 裕子(1)、林 正道(2) 1. 東京大学大学院総合文化研究科、2. 情報通信研究機構未来ICT研究所脳情報通信融合研究センター *Teruaki Kido(1,2), Yuko Yotsumoto(1), Masamichi J Hayashi(2) 1. raduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan, 2. Center for Information and Neural Networks (CiNet), Advanced ICT Research Institute, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Suita, Japan Keyword: number/numerosity, vision, decoding, neuroimaging The ability to process numerosity is essential for survival and has been reported across several animal species. In humans and non-human primates, numerosity is represented by the numerosity-tuned neural populations in the frontoparietal network (Nieder, 2016, Nat. Rev. Neurosci.). Numerosity has an extensive range of possible magnitudes, and representing them requires efficient usage of those limited neural resources: scaling the numerosity representations depending on contexts, for example. However, it is still unclear whether the neural activations for numerical magnitudes are fixed at absolute magnitude or flexibly scaled depending on the context. Here, using functional magnetic resonance imaging combined with multivariate pattern analysis, we show evidence that the numerosity representation is scaled depending on the range of numerical magnitude involved in the context. With three overlapping sets of non-symbolic numerosity, we trained a classifier to classify the multi-voxel activity patterns evoked by a set of numerosity and then tested how the classifier classifies the brain activity patterns evoked by another set of numerosity. Our searchlight analyses revealed that the trained classifier decoded the relative magnitude of numerosity in the set rather than their absolute magnitude, supporting the idea that the activations of the numerosity-tuned neuronal populations are scaled according to the context. Our result demonstrates the context-dependent optimization of numerosity representation in the frontoparietal network. The scaled representation can be interpreted under an efficient scheme, where incoming stimuli are encoded as deviations from expectations in a context. 2022年7月1日　11:00～12:00　沖縄コンベンションセンター 展示棟　ポスター会場1 2P-229 マウス上丘の方向・方位選択性マップを変化させる軽イソフルラン麻酔の効果 Effects of light isoflurane on direction and orientation selectivity in mouse superior colliculus *笠井 昌俊(1)、伊佐 正(1,2) 1. 京都大学大学院医学研究科、2. 京都大学高等研究院ヒト生物学高等研究拠点 *Masatoshi KASAI(1), Tadashi ISA(1,2) 1. Grad Sch Med, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan, 2. ASHBi, Kyoto Univresity, Kyoto, Japan Keyword: SUPERIOR COLLICULUS, ORIENTATION SELECTIVITY, DIRECTION SELECTIVITY, FUNCTIONAL ARCHITECTURE Superior colliculus (SC) is the midbrain center for integrating visual and multimodal sensory information. Neurons in the SC exhibit direction and orientation selectivity. Recent studies reported that neurons with similar direction and orientation preferences formed clusters in the mouse SC (Feinberg and Meister, 2014; Ahmadlou and Heimel, 2015; de Malmazet et al., 2018; Li et al., 2020) However, it remains controversial as to how these clusters are organized within the SC (Inayat et al., 2015; Chen et al., 2021), which have not been found in the primary visual cortex in rodents (Ohki et al., 2005 & 2006). In this study, we demonstrated that different brain states (i.e., awake or anesthetized with isoflurane) changed selectivity of individual SC neurons and spatial organizations of their response pattern in both male and female mice. Using two-photon Ca2+ imaging, we examined both individual neuronal responses and the spatial patterns of their population responses. Under isoflurane anesthesia, orientation selectivity increased and a larger number of orientation-selective cells were observed when compared to the awake condition, whereas the proportions of direction-selective cells were similar in both conditions. Furthermore, direction- and orientation-selective cells located at closer positions showed more similar preferences, and cluster-like spatial patterns became prominent by light isoflurane anesthesia. Similar cluster-like spatial response pattern was observed in inhibitory neuronal population, while the number of direction selective inhibitory neurons was reduced by isoflurane. Furthermore, inhibitory responses were significantly reduced under isoflurane anesthesia. Thus, the changes in the spatial organization of response patterns were considered to be due to changes in the balance between excitation and inhibition, with excitation dominance, in the local circuits. Our results provide new insights into the possibility that the functional organization of feature selectivity in the brain is affected by brain state. 2022年7月1日　11:00～12:00　沖縄コンベンションセンター 展示棟　ポスター会場1 2P-230 影と陰の錯視の違いから潜在過程での照明光の色選択の解読を行う Decoding the implicit lighting color map using the difference between cast shadow illusions and shade illusions. *山本 雅裕(1) 1. 株式会社東芝研究開発センター *Masahiro Yamamoto(1) 1. Corporate R&D Center, TOSHIBA Corporation, Kanagawa, Japan Keyword: PERCEPTION of CAST SHADOW, PERCEPTION of SHADE, #THE DRESS, CHECKER BORD ILLUSION In order to perceive colors, both the illumination color and the reflection spectrum of an object need to be estimated simultaneously. This is an ill-posed problem and can be expected to incur high computational costs. The brain tends to reduce the computational cost by using all available information. Therefore, we expect that it tends to estimate common sense lighting colors. In fact, in #The Dress, there is little doubt about the choice of yellow and blue as illumination colors as an implicit condition. We report on an application of Adelson's Checker-shadow illusion to the estimation of illumination color using the difference in perception between shadow and shade. The essential difference between shadow and shade can be clearly seen, for example, by inverting the brightness and darkness of an image. In shadow, we observe an optical change in the environment itself, such as the replacement of a light source with a shield, while in shade, the optical properties of the object do not change, only the direction of the light source. The brain understands that shade arises from universal information due to the three-dimensional shape of the object, while shadow is an optical phenomenon related to the light source and shielding.　 Therefore, by using the difference between the two, it is reasonable to assume that the illusion of light and dark in shadows, which are strongly affected by the light source, and in shadows, which are strongly affected by the shape, may appear to be the same, but in fact the intensity of the illusion is greatly affected because the physical background is different. For the evaluation, we measured the effect of the shadow and shade illusions by changing only the hue while keeping the brightness constant. The experimental results showed that the difference between shadow and shade was observed in blue-green and blue-violet, and especially the shadow illusion effect was significantly reduced. This is the range of the other colors if sunlight and sky blue are considered as natural illumination colors. In addition, the fMRI measurements show frontal activity as the difference between shadow and shade as previously reported. It can be said that the brain recognizes shadow and shade differently. At the same time, we should consider that the brain has an implicit illumination color map. 2022年7月1日　11:00～12:00　沖縄コンベンションセンター 展示棟　ポスター会場1 2P-231 Three-phase inattentional blindness パラダイムにおけるEEGの階層構造の検証 (時系列データの特徴量を7702個用いて) Testing a hierarchy of neural processes in EEG from a three-phase inattentional blindness paradigm with a massive collection of time-series analyses *川島 陽太(1,2)、Angus Leung(1)、土谷 尚嗣(1,2,3) 1. モナッシュ大学、2. （株）国際電気通信基礎技術研究所認知機構研究所、3. 脳情報通信融合研究センター *Yota Kawashima(1,2), Angus Leung(1), Naotsugu Tsuchiya(1,2,3) 1. Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Science, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia, 2. Cognitive Mechanisms Laboratories, Advanced Telecommunicatons Research Institute International (ATR), Kyoto, Japan, 3. Center for Information and Neural Networks (CiNet), National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT), Osaka, Japan. Keyword: NEURAL CORRELATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS (NCC), FACE PERCEPTION, INATTENTIONAL BLINDNESS To understand the physical basis of consciousness, researchers search for the neural correlates of consciousness (NCCs). However, NCCs can be confounded with neural correlates of reports. To disentangle NCCs from confounds, Shafto & Pitts (2015, J. Neurosci.) developed a 3-phase inattentional blindness paradigm incorporating EEG recordings. In Phase 1 (P1), participants do a distractor task, during which target and control stimuli (face and non-face random stimuli) are presented. Here, participants are inattentionally blind to the target. Following queries about the target stimulus, they repeat the task in Phase 2 (P2). Due to the queries, they are aware of the target stimulus. Finally, in Phase 3 (P3), they perform a task on the target stimulus. This paradigm assumes a hierarchy of neural processes across 3 phases. Specifically, 1) P1 data captures unconscious processing on the target stimulus, 2) P2 data captures both the processes from P1 and conscious processing of the target stimulus, and 3) P3 data captures report-related processes in addition to the above two types of processes. Here, we test this critical assumption. We employ a toolbox for highly comparative time-series analysis (hctsa) that provides 7,702 univariate time-series features from various scientific fields such as physics, statistics, and neuroscience. We apply hctsa to the EEG data from Shafto & Pitts (2015). If features discriminate between face and non-face stimulus in P1, they should capture unconscious processes. Therefore, they should discriminate faces from non-face stimuli in P2 and P3 as well. Excluding such features, discriminative features in P2 should capture conscious processes, which should also discriminate in P3. Finally, discriminative features in only P3 should capture report-related processes. To test this, we evaluate the discrimination performance of each feature in each phase. In our pilot results (N=1, 216 trials, 4 channels), we find many features to discriminate in both P2 and P3, which is consistent with the predictions. However, we also find some features to discriminate in both P1 and P3, but not P2, which should not occur based on the processing hierarchy assumption. Our tentative results raise a question about the hitherto widely-held assumption of the hierarchy of conscious and unconscious processing. 2022年7月1日　11:00～12:00　沖縄コンベンションセンター 展示棟　ポスター会場1 2P-232 Processing of visual textures in the mouse visual cortex *Federico Bolanos(1,2), Javier G Orlandi(1), Akshay V Jagadeesh(3), Justin L Gardner(3), Andrea Benucci(1,2,3) 1. RIKEN CBS, Wakoshi, Saitama, Japan, 2. Department of Mathematical Informatics, Univ of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan, 3. Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, California, USA Keyword: VISUAL TEXTURES, CALCIUM IMAGING, BEHAVIOR, MID-LEVEL VISION Visual textures efficiently represent real-world information that is essential for perceptual tasks like pattern detection, object segmentation and classification. This information appears to be encoded in intermediate areas along the primate ventral visual stream (areas V2-V4), but how textural selectivity emerges at the circuit level, and whether the neural architectures that support texture processing are shared across mammalian species is currently unknown. We addressed these questions in the mouse by first examining the mouse’s perceptual ability to discriminate higher order texture statistics, and then by studying the neural substrate of texture processing along the ventral visual stream. We employed a new model to synthesize textures using convolutional neural networks pretrained for object recognition, and in addition we generated spectrally matched stimuli (scrambles) which shared the same low-order features as the textures. Mice could be trained to behaviorally discriminate textures from scrambles across different texture families. We then studied the neural underpinning of texture encoding in primary (V1) and secondary (LM) visual cortices by performing widefield and 2-photon GCaMP imaging. Both at the population and single cell level we observed that V1 and LM differentially responded to the textures compared to the scrambles, with the response modulation in LM being higher than in V1. To examine whether these area differences were driven by the higher-order statistical features of texture stimuli, we trained a linear encoder model to predict responses of individual cells using the texture statistics as features. Overall, the model better captured the neural responses in LM than in V1, with larger weights associated with higher-order image statistics in area LM. In summary, our results provide evidence for texture vision in the mouse with a neural underpinning sharing encoding characteristics with the primate ventral visual stream, thus suggesting preserved neural principles for texture processing across mammalian species. 2022年7月1日　11:00～12:00　沖縄コンベンションセンター 展示棟　ポスター会場1 2P-233 視覚顕著性を統一した画像の脳情報デコーディング Neural decoding of images sharing same saliency maps *林 浩次郎(1)、藤本 啓介(1)、片山 梨沙(1,2)、Jane Zhen Liang(3,4)、吉田 和子(5,6)、石井 信(1,2,7) 1. 京都大学 情報学研究科、2. 株式会社 国際電気通信基礎技術研究所 脳情報解析研究所、6. 株式会社 国際電気通信基礎技術研究所 数理知能研究室、7. 東京大学 国際高等研究所 ニューロインテリジェンス国際研究機構 *Kojiro Hayashi(1), Keisuke Fujimoto(1), Risa Katayama(1,2), Jane Zhen Liang(3,4), Wako Yoshida(5,6), Shin Ishii(1,2,7) 1. Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Kyoto, 606-8501 Japan, 2. Neural Information Analysis Laboratories, Advanced Telecommunications Research Institute International, Soraku-gun, Kyoto, 619-0288 Japan, 3. School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China, 4. Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, China, 5. University of Oxford, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK, 6. Department of Neural Computation for Decision-making, Advanced Telecommunications Research Institute International, Soraku-gun, Kyoto, 619-0288, Japan, 7. International Research Center for Neurointelligence, the University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan Keyword: VISUAL ATTENTION, SALIENCY MAP, BRAIN DECODING The visual system needs to allocate computational resources to visual stimuli (or objects) in an online and adaptive manner, which we call visual attention. Understanding the mechanisms of visual attention is important for developing human-like visual systems in the field of artificial intelligence (AI). We assume that visual attention is realized under the crosstalk between top-down attention and bottom-up attention based on scene statistics. In this study, we attempt to dissociate brain activity involved in top-down and bottom-up attention from brain activity involving a mixture of those types of attention. A key for this attempt is the ‘saliency map,’ which is a heat map representing the visual areas that evoke bottom-up attention. Indeed, we have used a novel AI technique to generate pairs of natural and unnatural artificial images that share a similar saliency map. Based on a differential analysis of human brain activity measured by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we found different neural activity when subjects were shown natural and unnatural images. When subjects were shown natural images, V3, V4, the frontal eye field (FEF), the intraparietal sulcus (IPS), and the inferior temporal gyrus (IT) were strongly activated. When subjects were shown unnatural images, V1and V2 showed stronger activation. This distinct difference in brain activity was further supported by neural decoding analyses between natural and unnatural image viewing trials. Our results suggest that comparing brain activities during natural and unnatural image viewing can explain differences in brain activity related to top-down and bottom-up attention. 2022年7月1日　11:00～12:00　沖縄コンベンションセンター 展示棟　ポスター会場1 2P-234 深層ニューラルネットワークを用いた下側頭皮質における神経表象の読み出し様式の検証 Verification of the neural representation readout manner in inferior temporal cortex using deep neural network *小原 奈暉(1,2)、伊達 裕人(3)、松尾 健(4)、鈴木 隆文(5)、飯島 淳彦(1,2)、長谷川 功(2)、岡谷 貴之(3,6)、川嵜 圭祐(2) 1. 新潟大学大学院自然科学研究科、2. 新潟大学大学院医歯学総合研究科神経生理分野、3. 東北大学大学院情報科学研究科、4. 東京都立神経病院脳神経外科、5. 情報通信研究機構脳情報通信融合研究センター、6. 理化学研究所革新知能統合研究センター *Daiki Kohara(1,2), Hiroto Date(3), Takeshi Matsuo (4), Takafumi Suzuki (5), Atsuhiko Iijima(1,2), Isao Hasegawa(2), Takayuki Okatani(3,6), Keisuke Kawasaki(2) 1. Grad Sch of Sci and Tech, Niigata Univ, Niigata, Japan, 2. Dept Neurophysiology, Grad Sch of Med, Niigata Univ, Niigata, Japan, 3. Grad Sch of Info Sci, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan, 4. Dept of Neurosurgery, Tokyo Metropolitan Neurological Hospital, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan, 5. Center for Information and Neural Networks, NICT, Osaka, Japan, 6. Center for Advanced Intelligence Project, Riken, Tokyo, Japan Keyword: IMAGE RECONSTRUCTION, INFERIOR TEMPORAL CORTEX, DEEP NEURAL NETWORK, BRAIN MODELING Neurons in the inferior temporal cortex (ITC), a final unimodal area of the ventral visual pathway, are known to respond to a variety of visual features, from relatively simple graphic ones to complex graphic ones, including faces. However, the mechanism for readout cognitive information from ITC activity is not understood well. In this study, we trained two deep neural network models that recognize categorical and image information of natural objects using brain activity to investigate the readout mechanism of visual representation of the ITC. We employed electrocorticography (ECoG) which enabled us to record the neural activity with the high temporal and spatial resolution stably for a long time to obtain enough data to train DNN models. We prepared 12 categories of natural images consisting of 1000 images in each category and recorded ECoG from the ITC of two macaque monkeys during a fixation task. The feature extraction part of the readout network was constructed using a Temporal Convolutional Network (TCN), which performs 1D convolution on time series data. In the categorization model, the probability of each category was output by converting the feature vectors obtained by TCN into elements of the number of categories using the FC layer. In the image reconstruction model, the image was generated by inputting the feature vectors into a 2D convolutional neural network. Both models showed sufficient performance to readout ITC representations. The categorization model showed higher classification accuracy than chance (mon C: 62.7 %, mon J: 40.3 %, chance: 8.3 %). Reconstructed images were evaluated by image performance indexes such as SSIM and LPIPS, and human psychological experiments. The index from the reconstructed images showed significantly better evaluation than the index from the noise image (Steel-Dwass's multiple comparison test: p<0.001). On the other hand, the ECoG from the prefrontal cortex recorded simultaneously did not perform well enough in both models. To examine the readout properties of DNN models from ITC representations, we performed an input masking analysis. The channel contribution maps of the categorization and the image reconstruction model showed different aspects. Specifically, the categorization model had more positive peaks with broader extents and more channels with negative contributions. The locations of the peak channels with the highest contribution were similar in both models. The result emphasized that image reconstruction from higher-order areas of the visual pathway using ECoG signals can be performed with sufficient accuracy. The input masking analysis suggested that detaching selective information from ITC representation was important for categorization readout. 2022年7月1日　11:00～12:00　沖縄コンベンションセンター 展示棟　ポスター会場1 2P-235 マウス網膜におけるP2X3受容体はON型およびOFF型網膜神経節細胞に対し非対称な応答を誘導する P2X3 receptors in the mouse retina elicit an asymmetric response to ON-type and OFF-type retinal ganglion cells. *石井 俊行(1)、下畑 充志(1)、鈴木 千晶(1)、下郡 智美(2)、金田 誠(1) 1. 日本医科大学、2. 理化学研究所 *Toshiyuki Ishii(1), Atsushi Shimohata(1), Chiaki Suzuki(1), Tomomi Shimogori(2), Makoto Kaneda(1) 1. Nippon Medical School, 2. RIKEN Keyword: P2X3 receptor, retina, ATP, retinal ganglion cell Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) acts as a neurotransmitter in the nervous system. We have previously reported that all subtypes of P2X receptors (P2X1 - P2X7) are expressed in the mouse retina, and PPADS, an antagonist of P2X1, P2X2, P2X3 and P2X5 receptors, modulates the responses of bipolar and amacrine cells to light flash and the firing pattern of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). However, the types of P2X receptors contributing the signal processing in these neurons have not been well elucidated. In the present study, we focused on P2X3 receptors. In the adult mouse retina, P2rx3 mRNA was expressed in the ganglion cell layer, and the immunoreactivity for P2X3 was found in the inner plexiform layer and ganglion cell layer, suggesting the expression of P2X3 receptors in amacrine cells or RGCs in the ganglion cell layer. The responses to a,b-MeATP, an agonist of P2X3 receptor, were found in ON-type RGCs but not in OFF-type RGCs. We next examined the physiological function of P2X3 receptor in the retina. In electroretinogram, intravitreal injection of A317491, an antagonist of P2X3 receptor, had no effects on the amplitudes of both a- and b-wave, which reflect the activity of photoreceptors and bipolar cells. On the other hand, intravitreal injection of A317491 significantly decreased the amplitude of oscillatory potentials, which reflects the activity of amacrine cells. In multielectrode array, application of A317491 modulated the activity of ON- and OFF-type RGCs in both scotopic and photopic conditions. These results suggest that the P2X3 receptors expressed in the amacrine cells and RGCs contribute the physiological modulation of visual signals in the mouse retina. 2022年7月1日　11:00～12:00　沖縄コンベンションセンター 展示棟　ポスター会場1 2P-236 ホログラフィック２光子光刺激によるマウス視覚野の再帰的な神経接続の解析 Characterizing the recurrent connectivity in the mouse visual cortex with holographic two-photon stimulation. *青木 亮(1)、Javier G Orlandi(1)、Andrea Benucci(1) 1. 理化学研究所脳神経研究センター *Ryo Aoki(1), Javier G Orlandi(1), Andrea Benucci(1) 1. RIKEN CBS Keyword: circuit optogenetics, visual cortex, holography, temporal focusing The dynamics of recurrently connected neurons is what enables computations in brain networks. In accord, theoretical studies have linked the recurrent connectivity to a multiplicity of computational phenomena, for example, signal amplification (Soriano, 2008, PNAS), pattern separation and completion (Rolls, 2013, Front. Syst. Neurosci.), and temporal integration (Wang, 2008, Neuron). However, causal evidence relating the recurrent connectivity to these computations in in vivo cortical networks has been limited, mostly because of the lack of techniques to manipulate the population dynamics at the single-cell resolution. To overcome this limitation, we custom-built a holographic two-photon photostimulation system (Laser: 1030nm, 500 kHz) with temporal focusing (Chaigneau, 2016, Front. Cell. Neurosci.) and zero-order suppression (Hernandez, 2014, Opt. Lett), combined with 2-photon imaging microscope (Laser: 900nm, 80 MHz; objective lens: x16, NA 0.8). This setup permits patterned illumination of arbitrary shape (maxium size: 760 x 770 μm) on the imaging plane. In the primary visual cortex of mice expressing the red-shifted opsin ChRmine (Marshel, 2019, Science) and the calcium indicator GCaMP6m, a photostimulation disk (15 μm diameter) centered on the soma of a ChRmine-expressing cell (8 Pulses, 40 Hz, 5 msec pulse width, 9.0 mW) produced reliable responses (97-100 %) without spill-over light excitation of neighboring cells. The amplitude of the evoked response did not decrease after repeated photostimulation (90~97% at 20~30th repeats), reflecting the fast recovery kinetics of ChRmine from desensitization. A fraction of surrounding neurons also showed an increased response amplitude, with fractional values and response amplitudes depending on the cortical distance from the targeted cell (22.9 % at 50-100 μm, 10.1 % at 100-200 μm), consistent with an indirect, synaptic-mediated activations following the optogenetic stimulation of the targeted cell. Taken together, this preliminary work sets us at-par with cutting-edge holographic technology still largely inaccessible worldwide. We plan to extend this approach to volumetric stimulations to control the activation of tens, possibly hundreds of cells, and to combine this methodology with high-throughput automated behavioral-training technology developed by our laboratory (Aoki, 2017, Nat. Comm.). This integration will provide a powerful tool to causally relate the recurrent connectivity to underlying computations in behaving animals. 2022年7月1日　11:00～12:00　沖縄コンベンションセンター 展示棟　ポスター会場1 2P-237 AAV標識システムを用いたLKB1の網膜水平細胞リモデリングに関する形態学的検討 Morphological examination of the role of LKB1 in retinal horizontal cell remodeling using the AAV-based labeling system *川村 早紀(1)、大塚 稔久(2)、飛田 耶馬人(2)、萩原 明(1) 1. 東京理科大学 理工学部　応用生物科学科　、2. 山梨大学　医学部　生化学講座第一教室 *Saki Kawamura(1), Toshihisa Ohtsuka(2), Yamato Hida(2), Akari Hagiwara(1) 1. Dept of Appl Biol Sci, Fac of Sci and Tech, Tokyo Univ of Science, Chiba, Japan, 2. Dept of Biochem, Fac of Med, Univ of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan Keyword: Retinal horizontal cell remodeling, Liver Kinase B1, Morphological analysis, AAV-based labeling system In the retina, mainly five types of neurons including photoreceptor, horizontal, bipolar, amacrine, and retinal ganglion cells organize three neural layers with a suitable morphology for signal transduction, which enables the integration of higher-order visual information. In the previous study, the serine/threonine kinase Liver Kinase B1 (LKB1) has been demonstrated to regulate the morphology and synaptic localization of retinal photoreceptor cells, and the loss of LKB1 in the retina caused the filopodia like ectopic processes as well as in the horizontal cells. However, the mechanism of dendritic remodeling of horizontal cells was not well demonstrated. Here, we examined the retinal and horizontal cell morphology in the horizontal cell-specific LKB1 conditional knockout mice (LKB1 cKO). Since horizontal cells laterally expand their dendritic field to collect the signal from multiple photoreceptor cells, the dendritic overlapping makes it difficult to observe the morphology of each horizontal cell with immunostaining. Therefore, we first explored the horizontal cell-specific labeling system with morphological details. Using the Cre/loxP system, horizontal cells were specifically labeled by introducing an adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector of fluorescent protein controlled by the loxP site into the mice expressing Cre under the Cx57 promoter. Since the ease of transduction and the amount of fluorescent protein expression vary depending on the AAV serotype, and the expression promoter, we further evaluate these combinations for appropriate analysis of horizontal cell morphology. Second, we applied the horizontal cell specific labeling system on the morphological analysis of the LKB1 cKO mice. Intriguingly, deletion of LKB1 in the horizontal cell showed that the neurite spread was significantly reduced compared to control mice, and no filopodia like processes were detected. Therefore, these results suggest that LKB1 plays an important role in the dendritic formation of horizontal cells, which may affect the inhibitory regulation of retinal signal transduction. 2022年7月1日　11:00～12:00　沖縄コンベンションセンター 展示棟　ポスター会場1 2P-238 マウスの急性の痒み情報伝達における 5-HT4, 5-HT5 , 5-HT6 受容体の関与 Role of 5-HT4, 5-HT5 and 5-HT6 receptors in acute pruriceptive processing in mice *宮原 裕(1)、船橋 英樹(1)、治田 彩香(1)、古郷 央一郎(1)、金丸 杏奈(1)、西森 利數(1)、石田 康(1) 1. 宮崎大学 *Yu Miyahara(1), Hideki Funahashi(1), Ayaka Haruta-Tsukamoto(1), Yoichiro Kogoh(1), Anna Kanemaru-Kawazoe(1), Toshikazu Nishimori(1), Yasushi Ishida(1) 1. University of Miyazaki Keyword: 5-HT receptors, Scratching behavior, Mouse, Pruritus Aim and objectives: This study presents the involvement of 5-HT4 , 5-HT5 and 5-HT6 receptors in acute pruriceptive processing in mice. Method: Histamine or chloroquine(CQ) as an itch-inducing substance was subcutaneously injected into the nape of the neck in mice, after saline, milnacipran or mirtazapine was intrathecally administered in a volume of 5 µL to animals anesthetized by isoflurane. Injection of histamine or CQ induced scratching behavior, and its number was counted for 15 min to evaluate itching. Various doses of an 5-HT4 , 5-HT5 or 5-HT6 antagonist were intrathecally administered before injection of histamine or CQ. Moreover, various concentrations of 5-HT4 or 5-HT6 agonists were administered before injection of histamine or CQ. The effects of these drugs were evaluated by investigating the changes in scratching induced for 15 min. Results: Scratches induced by CQ were attenuated by milnacipran or mirtazapine, and the attenuating effects were reversed by a 5-HT4 or 5-HT6 antagonist. Also, 5-HT4 or 5-HT6 agonists attenuated scratches induced by CQ, whereas the induction of scratching events by histamine was not clearly reversed by the administration of 5-HT4 and 5-HT6 antagonists. On the other hand, 5-HT5 antagonist had unnoticeable effects on scratching events induced by both histamine or chloroquine. Conclusion: 5-HT4 ,5-HT5 and 5-HT6 receptors have a differential role in pruriceptive processing induced by histamine or CQ. 2022年7月1日　11:00～12:00　沖縄コンベンションセンター 展示棟　ポスター会場1 2P-239 脊髄後角興奮性神経に発現するα2δ-1サブユニットは末梢神経損傷後の神経障害性疼痛に関与する α2δ-1 expressed in spinal dorsal horn excitatory neurons contributes to nerve injury-induced neuropathic pain. *古賀 啓祐(1)、小林 憲太(2)、津田 誠(3)、窪田 一史(4)、北野 裕(4)、古江 秀昌(1) 1. 兵庫医科大学医学部、2. 生理学研究所、3. 九州大学大学院薬学研究院、4. 第一三共株式会社 *Keisuke Koga(1), Kenta Kobayashi(2), Makoto Tsuda(3), Kazufumi Kubota(4), Yutaka Kitano(4), Hidemasa Furue(1) 1. Hyogo College of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan, 2. National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Aichi, Japan, 3. Grad Sch Pharm, Univ of Kyushu, Fukuoka, Japan, 4. Daiichi-Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan Keyword: pain, gabapentinoids, spinal cord, excitatory postsynaptic currents Neuropathic pain, an intractable pain condition that commonly occurs after nerve damage, is caused by the aberrant excitability of spinal dorsal horn neurons. The current therapeutic drugs, gabapentinoids including gabapentin, pregabalin and mirogabalin, inhibit spinal calcium-mediated neurotransmitter releases by binding to α2δ-1 subunits, and alleviate neuropathic pain. However, the mechanisms of α2δ-1-mediated synaptic alterations in the spinal dorsal horn following nerve injury are not fully elucidated. In this study, we investigated the role of spinal α2δ-1 subunits in mechanical hypersensitivity and how spinal synaptic transmission is altered after peripheral nerve injury. Using in situ hybridization technique, we found that Cacna2d1 mRNA, coding α2δ-1 subunit, was expressed in the spinal dorsal horn and colocalized with Slc17a6, an excitatory neuronal marker known as Vglut2, but not with Slc32a1 mRNA, an inhibitory neuronal marker known as Vgat. We also found that excitatory post-synaptic responses evoked by electrical stimulation applied to spinal dorsal horn neurons were significantly enhanced after nerve injury, and that the evoked responses were significantly decreased by application of mirogabalin, a potent α2δ-1 inhibitor. Using clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-Cas9 system, spinal dorsal horn neuron-specific ablation of Cacna2d1 alleviated mechanical hypersensitivity induced following nerve injury, but it did not affect the basal thermal and chemical pain, and tactile sensitivity. These results suggest that α2δ-1 expressed in excitatory neurons in the spinal dorsal horn facilitates spinal nociceptive synaptic transmission, and contributes to the development of peripheral nerve injury-induced mechanical hypersensitivity. 2022年7月1日　11:00～12:00　沖縄コンベンションセンター 展示棟　ポスター会場1 2P-240 深層学習を用いた、ラット一次体性感覚野における物質表面の表象の解析 Deep learning-based assessment of texture representation in the rat primary somatosensory cortex *山城 皓太郎(1)、松本 信圭(1,2)、池谷 裕二(1,2) 1. 東京大学 大学院薬学系研究科、2. Beyond AI 研究推進機構 *Kotaro Yamashiro(1), Nobuyoshi Matsumoto(1,2), Yuji Ikegaya(1,2) 1. Grad Sch Pharmaceut Sci, Univ of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan, 2. Inst. for AI and Beyond, Tokyo, Japan Keyword: Somatosensory Cortex, Deep learning In this study, we took a deep-learning-based approach to decode complex tactile information from neuronal activity of a rat somatosensory cortex (S1). In tactile perception, surface texture is high-dimensionally encoded in the neuronal populations in the S1 and cannot be decoded from activity of a single neuron. We focused on the local field potentials (LFPs), which collectively reflect the synaptic activity of thousands of neurons. To record LFPs from a wide region of the cortex, we designed a novel 32-channel electrode array that will cover large region of the S1. This electrode array was surgically inserted on the primary somatosensory cortex of the right hemisphere, specifically including forelimb (S1FL) and hindlimb (S1HL) regions. The tips of the electrodes were lowered to the depth of cortical layers 2/3. After recovery form the surgery, the animal was placed in an open field chamber (90 x 90 cm) with two different floor textures. While the rat explored the field, LFPs were continuously recorded, and video with top-down view of the field was captured at 30 fps. All electrophysiological data were collected under free-moving conditions at a sampling rate of 2 kHz. For classification, the channels that successfully recorded LFPs were selected for each rat. A convolutional neural network (CNN) model was used to classify LFPs, and the score was evaluated using 5-fold cross-validation. Data were separated into 2-s bins, and their corresponding floor textures were predicted for each bin. After training the CNN model with LFPs, our model yielded the mean classification accuracy of up to 0.72. Furthermore, to analyze the effect of movement on the decoding accuracy of the CNN model, we separated the LFPs into “high-motion” and “low-motion” states, according to the movement of the rat. As a result, the CNN model trained on the LFPs in “low-motion” states performed better at classification of textures compared to the model trained on the LFPs in “high-motion” states. This lower decoding accuracy while the rat is moving suggests that motion has a negative effect on the perception of the floor textures. Further analysis will reveal how environmental factors such as absence of light affects the representations of the floor textures. 2022年7月1日　11:00～12:00　沖縄コンベンションセンター 展示棟　ポスター会場1 2P-241 ショウジョウバエにおける柔軟な運動制御の神経分子基盤 Neuromolecular basis for flexible motor control in Drosophila *鈴木 力憲(1)、齊藤 実(1) 1. 東京都医学総合研究所 *Yoshinori Suzuki(1), Minoru Saitoe(1) 1. Learning and Memory Pro, Tokyo Met Ins of Med Sci, Tokyo, Japan Keyword: MOTOR CONTROL, NMDA, DROSOPHILA The gait of limbs and hexapods has a typical pattern, which is thought to be generated by a neural circuit called central pattern generators (CPGs). However, the flexible motor ability of animals in the real world cannot be explained solely by the typical motor patterns produced by CPGs. If animals could only perform behaviors that are innately defined by CPGs, it would be impossible to take novel behaviors that are adapted to the situation and environment. Therefore, the animal’s nervous system must be a more flexible and plastic system, capable not only of producing specific motor patterns but also of adjusting them according to the situation to produce appropriate movements. To achieve such flexible body control, it is necessary to integrate efferent motor commands and afferent sensory feedbacks such as proprioceptive sensation. It is unknown where and how their information is integrated and what function it plays in the body control process. Here, we demonstrate that the NMDA receptor expressed in the ventral nerve cord has crucial roles in generating adapted movements in Drosophila. In this study, we observed locomotor ability using the climbing behavior of flies with amputated legs. Leg-injured flies require motor control adapted to the new body structure. We found that hypomorphic mutants of the NMDA receptor exhibit normal gait but show motor impairment in tasks that require contextually complex leg coordination. This result indicates that NMDA receptors are important not in the neural circuit of basic motor pattern generation, like CPGs, but in dynamic systems that generate appropriate motor controls according to the situation. Experiments using another NMDA mutant that has normal Ca2+ permeability but only inhibited Mg2+ block also showed an impaired ability to exert appropriate body control in a context-dependent manner, similar to hypomorphic mutants. This result indicates that the integration of information through the Mg2+ block in NMDA receptors is essential for flexible body control in Drosophila. 2022年7月1日　11:00～12:00　沖縄コンベンションセンター 展示棟　ポスター会場1 2P-242 持続ストレス負荷モデルラットのホルマリンテストにおける侵害受容感作 Nociceptive hypersensitivity in the formalin pain test in rats exposed to persistent stress *井上 創太(1,2)、貝沼 利矩(3)、太田 大樹(2,3)、田口 徹(2,3) 1. 新潟医療福祉大学大学院保健学専攻理学療法分野、2. 運動機能医科学研究所、3. 新潟医療福祉大学リハビリテーション学部リハビリテーション科 *Sota Inoue(1,2), Riku Kainuma(3), Hiroki Ota(2,3), Toru Taguchi(2,3) 1. Field Phys. Ther., Major Med. Rehabil. Sci., Grad. Sch. Health Welfare, Niigata Univ. Health Welfare, Niigata., 2. Inst. Hum. Mov. Med. Sci. (IHMMS), Niigata Univ. Health Welfare, Niigata., 3. Dept. Phys. Ther., Fac. Rehabil., Niigata Univ. Health Welfare, Niigata. Keyword: social defeat stress, repeated cold stress, pain, spinal cord Long-lasting exposure to a stressful condition is associated with the development of chronic pain, yet the pathological mechanisms remain to be elucidated. Here, we examined whether noxious stimuli intensified pain-related behaviors and neuronal activation in the spinal dorsal horn of rats exposed to physical and psychological stress. For that purpose, we performed the formalin pain test using rats exposed to repeated cold stress (RCS) or social defeat stress (SDS). The RCS model was developed by exposing Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats to rapid and frequent changes of environmental temperature. To establish the SDS model, SD rats were exposed to Long-Evans (LE) rats for 10 min on the first day (direct attack) followed by indirect stress without physical contacts for 10 days. The formalin test was performed by injecting formalin solution (5%, 50 µl) into the plantar skin. Neuronal activation in response to formalin was visualized using immunohistochemical labeling of c-Fos-immunoreactive (-ir) nuclei in the spinal dorsal horn. In both stress models, duration of pain-related behaviors (licking, biting, and lifting) was significantly prolonged in phase II (10−60 min after injection), but not in phase I (0−5 min), compared to their control groups. The number of c-Fos-ir nuclei at the spinal segments L3−L5 significantly increased in laminae I−VI in the RCS rats, and laminae I−II in the SDS model on the side ipsilateral to formalin injection. The numbers in the contralateral dorsal horn (laminae I−VI) did not change in the two stress models. These results demonstrate that noxious stimulus-induced pain-related behaviors were intensified in rats exposed to RCS and SDS. Hyperactivation of spinal dorsal horn neurons could be involved in behavioral nociceptive hypersensitivity in the stress-induced pain. 2022年7月1日　11:00～12:00　沖縄コンベンションセンター 展示棟　ポスター会場1 2P-243 ストレス性痛覚過敏を生じたラットの下行性疼痛調整系におけるpCREBとMOR発現の増加 Increase of pCREB and mu-opioid receptor expressions in the descending pain modulatory system in the rat with stress-induced hyperalgesia *井辺 弘樹(1)、木村 晃久(1) 1. 和歌山県立医大・医・生理学１ *Hiroki Imbe(1), Akihisa Kimura(1) 1. Dept Physiol, Wakayama Medical Univ Keyword: rostral ventromedial medulla, restraint stress, hyperalgesia, mu opioid receptor Psychophysical stresses induce complex conflict effects on the sensitivity and response to pain depending on its modality, duration and intensity: attenuating pain (stress-induced analgesia, SIA) and enhancing pain (stress-induced hyperalgesia, SIH). There are various experimental animal models with SIH induced by psychophysical stresses, including restraint and forced swim. However, the mechanism remains unknown. Since it is apparent that psychophysical stresses aggravate the painful symptoms in numerous stress-related disorders, it is imperative to elucidate the pathophysiology of SIH. The rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM) is key element of the descending pain modulatory system, which modulate nociceptive transmission in the spinal dorsal horn. In the present study we examined the expression of phosphorylated -cAMP-response element binding protein (pCREB) and mu-opioid receptor (MOR) in the RVM after repeated restraint stress to clarify changes in the descending pain modulatory system in the rats with SIH. The repeated restraint stress for 3 weeks induced a decrease in mechanical threshold in the rat hindpaw and an increase of pCREB and MOR expressions in the RVM. The paw withdrawal threshold in the repeated restraint group at day 18 (6.1 ± 0.3g) was significantly lower than that in the control group (14.0 ± 0.7g; p < 0.01). Quantitative image analysis showed that the number of pCREB-IR cells in the RVM was significantly higher in the repeated restraint group (422.4 ± 22.6) than that in the control group (265.7 ± 12.5, p < 0.01). Quantitative PCR analyses showed that mRNA expression of MOR in the RVM was significantly higher in the repeated restraint group than that in the control group (p < 0.05). These findings suggest the possibility that the stress-induced neuroplasticity in the RVM is involved in the mechanical hypersensitivity due to the dysfunction of the descending pain modulatory system. 2022年7月1日　11:00～12:00　沖縄コンベンションセンター 展示棟　ポスター会場1 2P-244 末梢感覚神経終末におけるα2アドレナリン受容体を介したTRPV1活性の抑制による鎮痛効果とその分子メカニズム Analgesic effects by the inhibition of TRPV1 activities through α2 adrenergic receptors at peripheral sensory nerve endings and its underlying molecular mechanism *松下 有美(1,2)、真鍋 美樹(2)、北川 一星(2)、樋口 雅司(2)、保坂 善真(2)、北村 直樹(2) 1. 量子科学技術研究開発機構　量子医科学研究所　脳機能イメージング研究部、2. 山口大学　大学院連合獣医学研究科 *Yumi Matsushita(1,2), Miki Manabe(2), Issei Kitagawa(2), Masashi Higuchi(2), Yoshinao Z Hosaka(2), Naoki Kitamura(2) 1. National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Institute for Quantum Medical Science, Department of Functional Brain Imaging, 2. The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University Keyword: adrenergic system, transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1, analgesia, peripheral sensory nervous system It is well known that adrenergic systems contribute to a pain modulation at the central nervous system but not at the peripheral nervous system. In this study, we examined the functional relationship between adrenergic systems and Transient Receptor Potential 1 (TRPV1), one of the nociceptive molecules, at the peripheral nerve level using behavioral, electrophysiological, biochemical and immunohistochemical studies. At first, nociceptive behavioral tests were performed in order to clarify the interaction between adrenergic systems and TRPV1. Rats that received capsaicin, a TRPV1 agonist, injection into hind paws showed nociceptive behaviors and preinjection of clonidine, a α2 adrenergic receptor agonist, into the same site of capsaicin injection suppressed capsaicin-evoked responses. It is generally thought that TRPV1 is activated by a heat stimulus (higher than 42°C) or several chemical substances including formalin. Nociceptive behaviors were also induced by heat or formalin and preinjection of clonidine into the same site of hind paws that received each stimulation inhibited them. These inhibition effects were not observed when clonidine was injected into the contralateral side of hind paws that received several stimuli. To elucidate underlying molecular mechanisms of this analgesic phenomenon, we examined whether adrenergic receptors functionally interact with TRPV1 in cultured dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons of rats by the whole-cell voltage clamp method. Capsaicin induced inward currents recorded at -60 mV holding potential and noradrenaline inhibited them dose-dependently. Pharmacological experiments suggested that noradrenaline suppresses TRPV1 activities through the activation of α2receptors, followed by the inhibition of the adenylate cyclase/cAMP/protein kinase A pathway. In real-time PCR, the expression level of α2c receptor mRNA was highest followed by those of α2a and α2b receptors in DRGs. α2a and α2c receptor-like immunoreactivities were observed with TRPV1-like immunoreactivities in the same DRG neurons. These results suggest that α2 receptors and TRPV1 are co-expressed in peripheral nerve endings that extend under the skin and that receive several nociceptive stimuli, and that the functional relationship between these two molecules contributes to analgesia. 2022年7月1日　11:00～12:00　沖縄コンベンションセンター 展示棟　ポスター会場1 2P-245 マウス島皮質における口腔顔面侵害情報表現 The spatial profile of orofacial nociceptive information foci in mouse insular cortex *大橋 一徳(1)、小林 秀太朗(1)、小林 真之(1) 1. 日本大学 *Kazunori O'Hashi(1), Shutaro Kobayashi(1), Masayuki Kobayashi(1) 1. Nihon university Keyword: insular cortex, pain, calcium imaging Each cortical area works as a specialized functional module in the cerebral cortex. The relationship between the functional and structural organization of the brain can be applicable even within individual areas. Among these cortical areas, the somatosensory cortex exhibits typical somatotopic organization, which represents the exact correspondence to the part of the body.In contrast, clinical observations report that patients often cannot identify the location of tooth pain. Indeed, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies showed that two functionally distinct brain activations responding to noxious stimuli to upper (maxillary) and lower (mandibular) tooth were not evoked at the separated cortical sites. On the other hand, the detailed topographic organization of nociception of the oral structures remains poorly understood in the rodent. In the present study, cortical information representation of electrically induced nociception in the periodontal ligament (PDL) was investigated in anesthetized transgenic GCaMP6s mice using two-photon calcium imaging of the insular cortex (IC). IC has been known as one of the critical cortical areas for nociception.The electrical PDL stimuli were applied to the ispilateraland contralaeral maxillary and mandibular first molars. We found that nociceptive representations in IC for the maxillomandibular PDL inputs were mostly overlapped at the cellular resolution. In contrast, those for ipsi- and contralateral stimulations were spatially segregated in IC. The overlapped IC region responding to maxillary and mandibularstimuli and separated activation sites in terms of left and right PDL stimuli agree with the clinical observations in human.These spatial profiles in IC were consistent even if the imaged layer or stimulus intensity were changed. The sequential cortical response onsets emerging from middle to upper layers were also consistent amongthe maxillary/mandibular and ipsilateral/contralateral PDL stimulation.These results suggest thatthe spatial profile of IC representation for intraoral nociception may contribute to explain the difficultness of identification of the source of maxillary and mandibular pain in human patients. 2022年7月1日　11:00～12:00　沖縄コンベンションセンター 展示棟　ポスター会場1 2P-246 運動および炎症後の骨格筋におけるTmem120aおよびTmem120b mRNAの発現 Expression of Tmem120a and Tmem120b mRNA in rat skeletal muscle after exercise and inflammation *太田 大樹(1,2)、大井 理史(1)、片野坂 公明(3)、田口 徹(1,2) 1. 新潟医療福祉大学 リハビリテーション学部 理学療法学科、2. 新潟医療福祉大学 運動機能医科学研究所、3. 中部大学 生命健康科学部 生命医科学科 *Hiroki Ota(1,2), Rihito Oi(1), Kimiaki Katanosaka(3), Toru Taguchi(1,2) 1. Dept. Phys. Ther., Fac. Rehabil., Niigata Univ. Health Wel., Niigata, 2. Inst. Human Move. Med. Sci., Niigata Univ. Health Wel., Niigata, 3. Dept. Biomed. Sci., Col. Life Health Sci., Chubu Univ., Kasugai Keyword: Mechanical pain, Ion channel, Tmem, Skeletal muscle Tmem120a, also called TACAN, has been reported as an ion channel involved in sensing mechanical pain (Beaulieu-Laroche et al., Cell, 2020), and the channel plays a role in mechanical hyperalgesia induced by inflammation in the skin (Bonet et al., J Pain, 2020). Here we examined the involvement of Tmem120a and Tmem120b (a homolog of Tmem120a, Batrakou et al., PLoS One, 2015) in muscular mechanical hyperalgesia induced by exercise and myositis, using two models of muscle pain. Under isoflurane anesthesia, rats were given either repetitive lengthening contractions (LC) of lower leg extensor muscles, or intramuscular injection of carrageenan (3%, 50 μL) into the tibialis anterior (TA) muscle belly. Muscle specimens were collected from a shallow layer of the TA at time points 0, 6, 24, 48, and 120 h after LC, or 12 h after carrageenan injection. Messenger RNA expression of Tmem120a and Tmem120b in the muscle was quantified using real-time RT-PCR. Tmem120a mRNA expression was significantly elevated 6 and 24 h after LC, compared to naïve control, and the time course of the upregulation was compatible with that of nociceptive behaviors associated with mechanical hyperalgesia (Hayashi et al., Eur J Pain, 2017). Tmem120a mRNA was also increased significantly in specimens sampled 12 h after carrageenan injection, compared to those sampled from naïve rats. On the other hand, Tmem120b mRNA was only upregulated in the myositis model, but not in the exercise-induced muscle pain model. These results suggest that upregulation of Tmem120a and Tmem120b contribute to muscular mechanical hyperalgesia induced by exercise and myositis, and the channel is one of the targets for the treatment of muscle pain. 2022年7月1日　11:00～12:00　沖縄コンベンションセンター 展示棟　ポスター会場1 2P-247 脊髄内ADAM17のアップレギュレーションが2型糖尿病に伴う神経障害性疼痛に関与する Upregulation of spinal ADAM17 contributes to neuropathic pain associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus in mice *根本 亙(1)、山縣 涼太(1)、中川西 修(1)、丹野 孝一(1) 1. 東北医科薬科大学薬学部薬理学教室 *Wataru Nemoto(1), Ryota Yamagata(1), Osamu Nakagawasai(1), Koichi Tan-No(1) 1. Div Pharmacol, Fac Pharm Sci, Tohoku Med Pharm Univ, Japan Keyword: Diabetic Neuropathic Pain Diabetic neuropathic pain is the most common symptom of diabetic neuropathy. The pathogenesis of diabetic neuropathic pain is quite complex, and existing drugs for the treatment of this complication are known to have limited efficacy. Therefore, it is desirable to identify novel therapeutic targets involved in the development and maintenance of diabetic neuropathic pain. Against this background, we found that the expression of a disintegrin and metalloproteinase 17 (ADAM17), a membrane-bound enzyme that cleaves extracellular portions of transmembrane proteins, was markedly increased in the spinal cord of leptin receptor-deficient db/db mice, a model of type 2 diabetes. Thus, we investigated the role of this molecule in diabetic neuropathic pain. In this study, the von Frey filament test and Hargreaves test were used to assess tactile and thermal hyperalgesia, respectively. The db/db mice showed marked tactile and thermal hyperalgesia at 9 weeks of age. These hyperalgesia disappeared after repeated administration of insulin (s.c., b.i.d.) from 5 weeks of age, indicating that the pain responses were dependent on hyperglycemia. In addition, the expression of pro- and mature-ADAM17 in the spinal cord of db/db mice were significantly increased at 9 weeks of age. The intrathecal injection of DNA-modified siRNA (dsRDC) against ADAM17 significantly reduced the expression of ADAM17 and suppressed the tactile and thermal hyperalgesia observed in db/db mice. In addition, these hyperalgesia were also suppressed by the intrathecal administration of TAPI-1, an ADAM17 inhibitor. Since ADAM17 was expressed on neurons and microglia in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, upregulation of ADAM17 on these cells is suggested to be involved in the development of the diabetic neuropathic pain. ADAM17 has low substrate specificity and is known to cleave a variety of membrane proteins. Ongoing experiments will reveal the target molecule of ADAM17. 2022年7月1日　11:00～12:00　沖縄コンベンションセンター 展示棟　ポスター会場1 2P-249 条件付け誘発性のプラセボ鎮痛はmedial prefrontal cortex-ventrolateral periaqueductal gray回路の活性化を介する Conditioning-induced placebo analgesia is mediated by the medial prefrontal cortex-ventrolateral periaqueductal gray pathway *根山 広行(1)、武 玉萍(1)、井上 美智子(1)、清水 朋子(1)、加藤 成樹(3)、渡辺 恭良(2)、小林 和人(3)、崔 翼龍(1) 1. 理化学研究所　生命機能科学研究センター　生体機能動態イメージング研究チーム、2. 理化学研究所　生命機能科学研究センター　健康・病態科学研究チーム、3. 福島県立医科大学　生体情報伝達研究所　生体機能研究部門 *Hiroyuki Neyama(1), Yuping Wu(1), Michiko Inoue(1), Tomoko Shimizu(1), Shigeki Kato(3), Yasuyoshi Watanabe(2), Kazuto Kobayashi(3), Yilong Cui(1) 1. Laboratory for Biofunction Dynamics Imaging, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 2. Laboratory for Pathophysiological and Health Science, RIKEN center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 3. Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine Keyword: Placebo analgesia, Top-down control, Neuropathic pain, DREADD The placebo effect involves a pharmacologically inert treatment leading to an obvious beneficial effect due to some kind of expectation by the recipient. Placebo effect has been observed in cases of Parkinson’s disease, depressive disorder, and chronic pain, among others. Placebo analgesia, one of the best-studied placebo effects, plays an important role in endogenous pain modulation and has the potential ability to alleviate chronic pain. Neuroimaging studies in humans have reported that hierarchical brain regions are involved in placebo analgesia, including the rostral anterior cingulate cortex and prefrontal cortex. However, the detailed neural circuits underlying placebo analgesia remain unclear owing to technical limitations and ethical issues in human studies. Meanwhile, placebo effect is known to be induced by not only the recipient’s expectation but also classic Pavlovian conditioning in humans as well as rodents. To investigate the neurobiological bases in detail, we established an animal model of placebo analgesia in neuropathic pain rats using Pavlovian conditioning, wherein a painkiller (gabapentin) was used as the unconditioned stimulus. Using a small-animal neuroimaging analysis, we also demonstrated that the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) causally contributed to placebo analgesia, and the functional coupling between the mPFC and ventrolateral periaqueductal grey (vlPAG) may play an essential role in placebo analgesia (Zeng et al., NeuroImage, 2018). To further investigate whether and how the mPFC-vlPAG pathway modulates placebo analgesia, we performed chemogenetic manipulation of the mPFC-vlPAG pathway with the “Designer Receptor Exclusively Activated by Designer Drugs” (DREADD) approach and examined placebo analgesia in neuropathic pain model rats. Our retrograde tracing experiment showed that abundant pyramidal neurons in layer V/Ⅵ of the mPFC were labeled by cholera toxin subunit B 647 (CTB 647) after local injection into the vlPAG, indicating that the mPFC sends monosynaptic projection into the vlPAG. Furthermore, chemogenetic activation of the mPFC-vlPAG pathway suppressed nerve-injury induced hyperalgesia, whereas inhibition of that pathway blocked conditioning-induced placebo analgesia in neuropathic pain model rats. These results suggest that the mPFC-vlPAG pathway essentially modulates placebo analgesia. 2022年7月1日　11:00～12:00　沖縄コンベンションセンター 展示棟　ポスター会場1 2P-250 麻酔下ラットにおける一次体性感覚野の前肢刺激応答に青斑核の持続的刺激がおよぼす影響 The effects of tonic locus coeruleus output on forepaw-evoked response of the primary somatosensory cortex in anesthetized rats *鈴木 孝昇(1,2)、長坂 和明(2,3)、大槻 智史(1,2)、大鶴 直史(2,3)、大西 秀明(2,3) 1. 新潟医療福祉大学大学院 、2. 新潟医療福祉大学 運動機能医科学研究所、3. 新潟医療福祉大学 リハビリテーション学部 理学療法学科 *Takanobu Suzuki(1,2), Kazuaki Nagasaka(2,3), Tomofumi Otsuki(1,2), Naofumi Otsuru(2,3), Hideaki Onishi(2,3) 1. Grad. School., Niigata Univ. Health Wel., Niigata, 2. Inst. Human Move. Med. Sci., Niigata Univ. Health Wel., Niigata, 3. Dept. Phys. Ther., Fac. Rehabil., Niigata Univ. Health Wel., Niigata Keyword: Norepinephrine, Modulation, optical imaging, arousal Noradrenergic neurons of the locus coeruleus (LC) send broad projections to cortical regions, and this projection system modulates sensory information processing. A previous study demonstrated that stimulation of the LC within its physiological range of tonic discharge frequencies (0.1–5.0 Hz) produced an inverted U-shaped effect on the probability of whisker-evoked discharges in the thalamus and barrel cortical neurons (Devilbiss and Waterhouse, J Neurosci. 2004). The widespread distribution of LC fibers along neural pathways implies that noradrenaline affects processed information arising from extremities, yet the influence of LC stimulation has not been investigated. In the present study, we performed local field potential (LFP) recording and flavoprotein autofluorescence imaging (FAI) to investigate whether the sensory activity associated with the forepaw is altered by electrical stimulation of the LC. Male Wistar rats (n = 18, 250–350 g) were anesthetized using isoflurane (1.5–3.0%). First, to identified the LC region, we applied a burst stimulation to the LC (500 ms, 100 Hz) and recorded LFPs in the primary somatosensory cortex (S1). The recorded LFPs were subjected to spectral analysis, which revealed that the lower frequency power (< 10 Hz) of the LFPs was decreased after LC stimulation, as in a previous study (Marzo et al., J Neurophysiol. 2014). Next, we monitored the LFP responses evoked by a single electrical pulse to the contralateral forepaw during the identified LC stimulation for 20 min (stimulus frequency, 0.1, 1.0, and 4.0 Hz; pulse duration, 200 µsec; current intensity, 150 µA). When the LC was stimulated at 1.0 Hz, the forepaw-evoked LFP responses showed lager amplitude than those before the stimulation, and this amplitude change persisted for about 1 hour after the LC stimulation was turned off. In contrast, no change in response was confirmed for LC stimulations at 0.1 and 4.0 Hz. Finally, the FAI signal evoked by forepaw stimulation was spread across a wide area of S1 following LC stimulation at 1.0 Hz for 20 min, compared to that before the stimulation. These results suggested that LC stimulation may modulate S1 activity associated with sensory information arising from the forepaw in a frequency-dependent manner. The discharge rate of the LC may be related to the long-lasting plasticity necessary for learning and memory. 2022年7月1日　11:00～12:00　沖縄コンベンションセンター 展示棟　ポスター会場1 2P-251 Spontaneous Activity in the Whisker-Innervating Region of Neonatal Mouse Trigeminal Ganglion *Piu Banerjee(1,2), Fumi Kubo(3,2), Hirofumi Nakaoka(4), Takuya Sato(1), Tatsumi Hirata(5,2), Takuji Iwasato(1,2) 1. Laboratory of Mammalian Neural Circuits, National Institute of Genetics, Japan, 2. Department of Genetics, SOKENDAI, 3. Laboratory of Systems Neuroscience, National Institute of Genetics, Japan, 4. Department of Cancer Genome Research, Sasaki Institute, Japan, 5. Laboratory of Brain Function, National Institute of Genetics, Japan Keyword: Spontaneous activity, Calcium imaging, Trigeminal ganglion, Barrel cortex Synchronized spontaneous activity is observed in certain systems of the mammalian brain during the early postnatal period. Such activity is thought to be crucial for the establishment of precise and mature neural circuits following Hebbian principles of plasticity. In the visual and auditory systems, along with the sensory cortices, their respective sensory organs, retina and cochlea, also show spontaneous activity during the early postnatal period. In the mouse somatosensory system, the barrel cortex shows correlated spontaneous activity during the first postnatal week. This activity is blocked by administration of a local anaesthetic to the contralateral whisker pad, but not by transecting the infra-orbital nerve (ION) (Mizuno et al., Cell Rep. 2018), suggesting that the source is in the periphery but downstream of the ION. Thus, we hypothesized that the trigeminal ganglion (TG) is the source of spontaneous activity in the barrel cortex. To examine whether the neonatal TG shows spontaneous activity or not, we established a novel system for imaging activity in the TG ex vivo. We identified the whisker-innervating region in the TG by in vivo application of DiI to the whisker pads. TG neurons showed a whisker-row dependent topography along its dorso-ventral axis. Using a transgenic mouse line expressing a genetically encoded calcium indicator (GCaMP6s) in the TG neurons and the ex vivo calcium imaging system, we found that the neurons in the whisker-innervating region of P4-P6 mouse TG fire spontaneously. This spontaneous activity originated within the TG itself and was blocked by administering chelator of extracellular calcium. Spontaneous activity was also detected in the TG at P0-P1 and P14-P16 stages but was mostly diminished in the adult TG. The spontaneous activity in the TG during the first postnatal week may contribute to thalamocortical circuit refinement as the source of correlated spontaneous activity in the neonatal mouse barrel cortex. 2022年7月1日　11:00～12:00　沖縄コンベンションセンター 展示棟　ポスター会場1 2P-252 予期調節を制御する非一次視床皮質回路 A non-primary thalamocortical cirtcuit controls temporal expectation modulation *厚美 佑輔(1)、大本 育実(1)、唐木 智充(1)、小林 碧(1)、小田川 摩耶(1)、大石 康博(1)、松原 智恵(1)、小林 憲太(2)、小林 和人(3)、加藤 成樹(3)、太田 桂輔(1,4)、村山 正宜(1,4) 1. 理化学研究所脳神経科学研究センター、2. 生理学研究所ウィルスベクター開発室、3. 福島県立医科大学生体機能研究部門、4. 東京大学大学院医学系研究科 *Yusuke Atsumi(1), Ikumi Omoto(1), Tomomitsu Karaki(1), midori Kobayashi(1), Maya Odagawa(1), Yasuhiro Oisi(1), Chie Matsubara(1), Kenta Kobayashi(2), Kazuto Kobayashi(3), Shigeki Kato(3), Keisuke Ota(1,4), Masanori Murayama(1,4) 1. RIKEN CBS, Saitama, Japan, 2. NIPS, Aichi, Japan, 3. Department of molecular genetics, Fukusima medical University, Fukushima, Japan, 4. Grad Sch Med, Univ of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan Keyword: THALAMUS, SENSORY CORTEX, TEMPORAL EXPECTATION Expectation led by stimulus predictability modulates sensory representations through facilitating and suppressing stimulus evoked cortical activity. However, underlying neural circuit mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we explored the neural circuits involved with expectation modulation of tactile responses in the forepaw primary somatosensory cortex (fpS1) of mice. Extracellular recordings from fpS1 revealed that temporally predictable stimuli (i.e., repetitive stimulation to a forepaw with fixed intervals) bi-directionally lead to the facilitation or suppression of somatic firings of layer V pyramidal neurons. On the contrary, two-photon imaging from the distal dendrites of layer V pyramidal neurons revealed that temporally predictable stimuli rarely lead to suppression of dendritic responses but dominantly lead to facilitation. This result indicates that distinct modulation would cause discrepancy between somatic and dendritic activity during expectation. We identified that the Ventral Medial thalamic nucleus (VM) which is the non-primary thalamus projecting axons to superficial layers of fpS1 is involved with this somatodendritic discrepancy. Activity of VM was preferentially evoked by the predictable stimulus, but not by unpredictable (i.e., stimulation with random intervals). Optogenetic inhibition of VM input to fpS1 decreased the expectation related facilitating or suppressing effect on firing responses of layer V pyramidal neurons, respectively. Anterograde transsynaptic tracing reveals that VM axons dominantly connected parvalbumin positive neurons which are perisomatic targeting interneurons. These results indicated that VM not only facilitates pyramidal neurons but also recruits cortical perisomatic inhibitory circuits and suppresses somatic firing. Based on these findings, we hypothesized that VM would control cortical expectation facilitation and suppression through mono-synaptically activating distal dendrites and di-synaptically inhibiting somatic firing, respectively. 2022年7月1日　11:00～12:00　沖縄コンベンションセンター 展示棟　ポスター会場1 2P-253 KCNQ (Kv7)チャネル開口薬retigabineの疼痛及び掻痒に対する行動薬理学的・電気生理学的解析 Behavioral and electrophysiological analysis of the analgesic and antipruritic effects of retigabine, an opener of KCNQ (Kv7) channels *尾山 実砂(1)、中村 友哉(1)、神﨑 智子(1)、吉田 英司(1)、渡辺 俊(1)、岩井 孝志(1)、田辺 光男(1) 1. 北里大学薬学部薬理学教室 *Misa Oyama(1), Yuya Nakamura(1), Tomoko Kanzaki(1), Eiji Yoshida(1), Shun Watanabe(1), Takashi Iwai(1), Mitsuo Tanabe(1) 1. Lab. of Pharmacol., Sch. Pharm., Kitasato Univ., Tokyo, Japan Keyword: KCNQ (Kv7) channel, pain, itch, electrophysiology While pain and itch have been shown to have their own neural pathways, it is most likely that reducing neural excitability is a common therapeutic strategy in the treatment of their pathologic conditions. Hence pharmacological reduction of neuronal excitability by retigabine, an opener of KCNQ (Kv7) channels which mediate low threshold and non-inactivating neuronal M-currents distributing widely in the central and peripheral nervous system, may produce analgesic and antipruritic effects. Here, we have explored the analgesic and antipruritic effects of retigabine behaviorally and analyzed its analgesic mechanisms electrophysiologically. Retigabine, when injected intraperitoneally and intrathecally, alleviated thermal and mechanical hypersensitivity in mice after partial sciatic nerve ligation (Seltzer model). Furthermore, in the neck model of acute itch, in which chloroquine and compound 48/80 are injected into the nape of the neck, intraperitoneally injected retigabine inhibited scratching behavior. However, retigabine did not affect scratching behavior when it was injected intrathecally in this model, suggesting that retigabine could not reach the cervical cord segments that receive inputs from neck regions. To further analyze analgesic and antipruritic effects of retigabine, we then employed the cheek model and the calf model to evaluate pain and itch behavior simultaneously. In the cheek model, intraperitoneal injection of retigabine inhibited wiping behavior elicited by capsaicin injection reflecting pain sensation and scratching behavior elicited by chloroquine or compound 48/80 reflecting itch sensation. Moreover, in the calf model reflecting inputs through the sciatic nerve, intrathecal injection of retigabine attenuated licking behavior after capsaicin injection reflecting pain sensation and biting behavior after chloroquine or compound 48/80 injection reflecting itch sensation, indicating that the spinal cord is an important site of the antipruritic action of retigabine. In dorsal horn neurons of spinal cord slices prepared from Seltzer model mice, retigabine suppressed A-fiber-mediated EPSCs but not C-fiber-mediated EPSCs, while mEPSCs were not affected, suggesting that reduction of excitatory transmission from A-fibers contributes to the analgesic effect of retigabine. Considering that C-fibers convey itch signals, the antipruritic effect of retigabine is most likely mediated by its action on spinal intrinsic neurons. 2022年7月1日　11:00～12:00　沖縄コンベンションセンター 展示棟　ポスター会場1 2P-254 皮膚マクロファージはNGFレベルを調節することで痛覚を制御する Dermal macrophages set pain sensitivity by modulating tissue NGF levels *田中 達英(1)、石西 綾美(1)、辰巳 晃子(1)、和中 明生(1) 1. 奈良県立医科大学 *Tatsuhide Tanaka(1), Ayami Isonishi(1), Kouko Tatsumi(1), Akio Wanaka(1) 1. Nara Medical University Keyword: pain, macrophage Pain significantly reduces quality of life (QOL) in various diseases. Although pain research has revealed pain-modulating cells, molecules and neural pathways, the cellular and molecular mechanisms of pain still remain largely unknown. Crosstalk between peripheral neurons and immune cells plays important roles in pain sensation. We identified sorting nexin 25 (Snx25) as a pain-modulating gene in a transgenic mouse line with reduced pain behavior. Snx25 conditional-KO (cKO) in monocyte/macrophage-lineage cells but not in the peripheral sensory neurons reduced pain responses in both normal and neuropathic conditions. Cross transplantation experiments of bone marrows between cKO and wild type (WT) mice revealed that cKO macrophages caused dull phenotype in WT mice and WT macrophages in turn increased pain behavior in cKO mice. SNX25 in dermal macrophages enhances NGF (one of the key factors in pain sensation) production by inhibiting ubiquitin-mediated degradation of Nrf2, a transcription factor that activates Ngf mRNA synthesis. We conclude that dermal macrophages set pain sensitivity by producing and secreting NGF into the dermis in addition to their host defense functions. 2022年7月1日　11:00～12:00　沖縄コンベンションセンター 展示棟　ポスター会場1 2P-255 Same-different judgments reveal task-specific interference between tactile frequency and pulling direction processing *Jack De Havas(1), Sho Ito(1), Scinob Kuroki(1), Sven Bestmann (2,3), Hiroaki Gomi(1) 1. NTT Communication Science Labs, Atsugi, Japan, 2. Queen Square Inst of Neurology, Dep of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL, London, UK, 3. Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, UCL, London, UK Keyword: Touch, Sensory Illusion, Frequency discrimination, Tangential force Moving the hand across rough surfaces produces tangential forces (directional tactile pulls) and vibration frequency information that can be used by the brain for object identification. It would be advantageous if such information could be flexibly combined or separated according to the demands of the task, but the extent to which this occurs is unknown. Frequency and pulling direction may be processed separately or with considerable overlap, predicting respectively minimal, or robust mutual interference. Importantly, it is presently unclear whether such interference is driven solely in a bottom-up manner, or can also be driven by the constraints of the task, namely the attended feature (pull direction vs frequency) and the type of stimulus identification required (same vs different). To dissociate these alternatives, we combined a same-different task with asymmetric 60 and 100Hz vibration, which produces illusory left and right pulling sensations. Participants (n =16) received 100ms of vibration (stim 1) followed 1000ms later by another 100ms of vibration (stim 2). Both stimuli had a pulling direction (Left vs Right) and frequency (Low vs High). According to block, participants either attended to pulling direction or frequency, and responded whether stim 1 and 2 were ‘Same’ or ‘Different’. Importantly, the unattended feature was therefore either congruent or incongruent with the required response. We found that incongruent unattended features produced slower and less accurate responses for both ‘Pulling direction’ and ‘Frequency’ conditions. Response accuracy interference was stronger for ‘Pulling Direction’ compared to ‘Frequency’ judgments, while response time interference was stronger for ‘Same’ compared to ‘Different’ judgments. Our results suggest that pulling direction and frequency processing overlap in the brain, but that the extent to which these stimulus features are separated and combined is not purely bottom-up, and is instead influenced by the attended feature and the type of stimulus comparison process undertaken. These results help explain how complex objects can be rapidly and flexibly identified by touch. 2022年7月1日　11:00～12:00　沖縄コンベンションセンター 展示棟　ポスター会場1 2P-256 Human sensory neurons secrete RGMB to regulate pigmentation pathway of melanocytes *Siu Yu A. Chow(1,2), Kazuki Nakayama(3), Tatsuya Osaki(1,2), Maki Sugiyama(3), Maiko Yamada(3), Yoshiho Ikeuchi(1,2,4) 1. Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan., 2. Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan., 3. Frontier Research Center, POLA Chemical Industries, Inc., Kanagawa, Japan., 4. Institute for AI and Beyond, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan. Keyword: Sensory neuron, Melanocyte, Secretion, Skin Melanocytes are pigment (melanin) producing cells that are surrounded and influenced by diverse types of cells in our skin. Despite the developmental association and physical proximity between cutaneous sensory neurons and melanocytes, the functional importance of their interaction has been poorly investigated. In this study, we investigated the involvement of neurons in skin pigmentation through the interaction between sensory neurons and melanocytes. We performed proteomic analysis on sensory neuron-conditioned media (SN-CM) and identified repulsive guidance molecule B (RGMB) as a melanocytes-stimulating factor secreted from sensory neurons derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). We showed that RGMB is capable of inducing both melanogenesis and morphogenesis of melanocytes. The opposite was seen when we treated melanocytes with RGMB-depleted SN-CM. To reveal the mechanism in which RGMB modulates melanocytes, we performed RNA-seq on melanocytes following RGMB treatment. We also performed RNA-seq on melanocytes treated with SN-CM and RGMB-depleted SN-CM. Intersection of the two RNA-seq datasets revealed genes that are regulated by RGMB in melanocytes. Transcriptome analysis revealed that RGMB directly upregulates known genes involved in melanogenesis (MITF, DCT and KIT) and melanin transport (RAB27A and MYO5A). In order to maintain skin pigmentation, melanin produced by melanocytes must be transported along the distal processes of melanocytes to neighboring cells. Interestingly, previous studies reported that mutations in MYO5A and RAB27A regulate skin pigmentation through melanosome transport. In consistent with this, we observed an increase in vesicle secretion of melanocytes upon RGMB treatment. On the other hand, RGMB downregulates translation-related genes (FAU, EIF3G, RPL18, RPL26, RPL36, RPL37 and RPS12), suggesting a decrease in protein synthesis upon RGMB administration. Since mTOR activation is known to cause depigmentation, a decrease in protein synthesis may potentially serve as another means by which RGMB causes hyperpigmentation of melanocytes. This study uncovered a role of sensory neurons by modulating melanocyte morphology, pigment production and melanin transport through the secretion of a key factor RGMB. 2022年7月1日　11:00～12:00　沖縄コンベンションセンター 展示棟　ポスター会場1 2P-257 膝関節症モデルマウスに対する坐骨神経パルス高周波法（PRF）の鎮痛効果と抗炎症作用について Analgesic and Anti-inflammatory effects of sciatic nerve pulsed radiofrequency on the model mice for Knee Osteoarthritis *弓場 智雄(1)、小山 佳久(2,3)、高橋 亜矢子(1)、藤野 裕士(1)、島田 昌一(2,3) 1. 大阪大学医学部附属病院麻酔集中治療医学講座、2. 大阪大学大学院医学系研究科解剖学講座神経細胞生物学、3. 大阪精神医療センターこころの科学リサーチセンター依存症ユニット *Tomoo Yuba(1), Yoshihisa Koyama(2,3), Ayako Takahashi(1), Yuji Fujino(1), Shoichi Shimada(2,3) 1. Department of anesthesiology and intensive care, Osaka University graduate school of medicine, 2. Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Osaka University graduate school of medicine, 3. Addiction Research Unit, Osaka Psychiatric Research Center, Osaka Psychiatric Medical Center Keyword: pulsed radiofrequency, knee osteoarthritis, anti inflammation, analgesia Background: In Japan, there are about 10 million patients with knee osteoarthritis (OA). Although NSAIDs are mainly used externally or internally for conservative treatment, it is difficult to use them for the elderly patients and patients with underlying diseases. Pulse radiofrequency method (PRF), novel nerve block, is attracting attention as a treatment method with few complications. We have reported that PRF for the saphenous nerves of knee osteoarthritis results in long-term analgesia. However, there is little understanding of the analgesic mechanism of PRF for knee OA. We experienced many cases of knee osteoarthritis treated with PRF that improved knee swelling in addition to analgesic effect. Therefore, we focused on the anti-inflammatory effect as the analgesic mechanism of PRF.Objective: We aim to elucidate the analgesic mechanism of PRF through anti-inflammatory action in knee osteoarthritis.Methods: Under general anesthesia, mice in which chondrocytes were damaged by administration of 0.75 mg of monoiodoacetic acid into the right knee joint were employed as a knee OA model. One week after the joint injection, PRF was applied to the exposed sciatic nerve on the lesion side for 6 minutes under general anesthesia. Two weeks after the joint injection, the degree of analgesia and inflammation was examined by behavioral and morphological analysis. (Approved by the Animal Experiment Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka University 28-071-004)Results: The weight bearing test and foot stamp test revealed that the weight unevenness of the hind limbs and gait abnormalities were significantly alleviated in the PRF-treated mice compared to the non-treated mice. Moreover, Hematoxylin and Eosin-staining and immunostaining with F4 / 80 antibody (a macrophage marker) demonstrated that synovitis was significantly alleviated in the PRF-treated mice compared to the non-treated mice. Conclusion: It was suggested that anti-inflammatory effects is involved in the analgesic mechanism of PRF for knee OA. 2022年7月1日　11:00～12:00　沖縄コンベンションセンター 展示棟　ポスター会場1 2P-258 コオロギ局所ノンスパイキング介在ニューロンにおける気流刺激で誘導される細胞内Ca(2+)動態の多様性 Diversity in intracelluler Ca(2+) dynamics induced by airflow stimulus in local non-spiking interneurons of crickets *白旗 洸太(1)、設樂 久志(2,3)、小川 宏人(2) 1. 北海道大院・生命・生命システム、2. 北海道大学院・理・生物科学、3. 三重大院・医・生化学 *Shirahata Kota(1), Hisashi Shidara(2,3), Hiroto Ogawa(2) 1. Biosystem Sci, Grad Sch Life Sci, Hokkaido Univ, Hokkaido, Japan, 2. Dept Bio Sci, Fac Sci, Hokkaido Univ, Hokkaido, Japan, 3. Dept Biochem, Grad Sch Med, Mie University, Mie, Japan Keyword: non-spiking neuron, insect, calcium imaging Neurons encode sensory and motor information mediated by changes in membrane potentials, which are classified into two types according to their coding scheme. One is a spiking neuron, which uses action potentials as the coding medium and encodes information mainly by the spike frequency. The other is a non-spiking neuron, which uses graded potentials as its coding medium instead of the action potentials and encodes information by the amplitude of the membrane potential changes. Because of difficulty in carrying potential changes for long distance, the non-spiking neurons are considered to be involved in local and analog processing with the graded potential. However, subcellular dynamics of non-spiking neurons in response to sensory stimulus is unclear. Thus, to clarify the subcellular processing by the non-spiking neurons, we examined Ca2+ responses to the sensory stimulus. In this study, we used the wind-sensitive non-spiking neurons identified in the cricket cercal sensory system, which was mechanosensory system to detect surrounding airflow. The directional information of airflow is processed by local circuit within the terminal abdominal ganglion (TAG) and conveyed to the brain by ascending projection neurons including eight pairs of identified giant interneurons (GIs). GIs have distinct selectivity to the airflow direction in the stimulus-evoked spikes. Several identified local interneurons are thought to consist of the local circuit and be involved in forming the GIs’ directional selectivity. The local non-spiking interneurons (LNIs) also have directional selectivity in the graded potential changes. We simultaneously measured the membrane potential and subcellular Ca2+ responses to airflow applied from different angles in some types of LNIs. In the last JNS meeting, we have reported that the LNI referred as 9V-2 showed directional selectivity not only in Ca2+ elevation but also in Ca2+ decrement and its response properties in local Ca2+ responses differed in preferred direction and selectivity among the subcellular regions. In addition, we found that other LNIs varied in the subcellular heterogeneity of their Ca2+ responses depending on the cell type. These diversity of the Ca2+ dynamics induced by airflow stimulus suggest that LNIs possibly play different roles in local circuit for computation of airflow signals, via distinct subcellular processing. 2022年7月1日　11:00～12:00　沖縄コンベンションセンター 展示棟　ポスター会場1 2P-259 fMRIイメージングによる独立制御可能な余剰肢の身体化に伴う神経活動の検証 Neural correlates of the embodiment of an independent supernumerary limb by humans: a funtional magnetic resonance imaging study *高原 唯(1)、荒井 謙(2)、河田 ケルシ(1)、福永 雅喜(3)、Gowrishankar Ganesh(4)、宮脇 陽一(1) 1. 電気通信大学、2. 東京大学、3. 自然科学研究機構　生理学研究所、4. モンペリエ大学 *Yui Takahara(1), Ken Arai(2), Kelssy Kawata(1), Masaki Fukunaga(3), Gowrishankar Ganesh(4), Yoichi Miyawaki(1) 1. The University of Electro-Communications, 2. The University of Tokyo, 3. National Institute for Physiological Sciences, 4. Montpellier University Keyword: human augmentation, embodiment, fMRI imaging, sixth finger The rubber hand experiment and a plethora of studies using similar “embodiment” experiments have exhibited that the representation of our body in the brain is very plastic (Botvinick and Cohen, 1998; Kolasinski et al., 2016). Previous studies have investigated embodiment towards “substitute” artificial limbs that are controlled by remapping the motion of a real limb and/or limbs (Kolasinski et al., 2016, Kieliba et al., 2021). Our recent psychophysical experiment advanced this finding and demonstrated that even a new, independent supernumerary limb can be embodied after a relatively-short adaptation (Umezawa et al., 2021). However, the neural correlates of this independent limb embodiment remain unknown. To address this issue, we recently developed a custom-made independent robotic sixth finger (Umezawa et al., 2021) that users can control using forearm muscle co-contraction (estimated using surface electromyography) independently of their innate fingers and receive haptic feedback of the finger movement from a pin on the side of their hand. In this study, we attached the robotic finger to 16 participants, who performed a cued finger-tapping task to adapt to using of the robotic finger. The adaptation task was performed under two conditions, “controllable” and “random”, in which the robotic finger could be controlled voluntarily with haptic feedback, or was externally controlled without any haptic feedback, respectively. The former promotes the embodiment of the robotic finger whereas the latter doesn’t. Before and after the adaptation task, brain activity was measured by a 7T functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scanner while participants performed a finger-tapping task using only their innate fingers. To evaluate embodiment-specific effects on brain activity, we compared fMRI signal contrast between pre- and post-adaptation for the two conditions. Results showed that brain activation was significantly higher for the controllable than the random condition in the primary sensorimotor cortex, suggesting that embodiment of the independent supernumerary limb might alter the primitive representation of the body part in the sensorimotor cortex. 2022年7月1日　11:00～12:00　沖縄コンベンションセンター 展示棟　ポスター会場1 2P-260 運動タスク実行中のサルにおける一次体性感覚野3a野の感覚抑制 Sensory gating of cortical area 3a during a motor task in the monkey *菊田 里美(1)、窪田 慎治(1)、Joachim Confais(1)、大屋 知徹(1,2,3)、関 和彦(1) 1. 国立精神・神経医療研究センター 神経研究所 *Satomi Kikuta(1), Shinji Kubota(1), Joachim Confais(1), Tomomichi Oya(1,2,3), Kazuhiko Seki(1) 1. National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 2. The Brain and Mind Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada, 3. Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada Keyword: SENSORY GATING, 3A, PROPRIOCEPTION, EFFERENCE COPY Our bodily movements are generated by the parallel actions of many neural circuits that are not in our consciousness. We know that our perception changes unconsciously according to the behavioral context, this is because the sensations we feel due to self-movement do not necessarily represent the signal coming from sensory receptors. This phenomenon is known as Sensory gating. In the past, the mechanism underlying sensory gating in tactile or cutaneous sensory input has been well studied in both psychological and electrophysiological experiments. In contrast, how the proprioceptive sensory signal of muscle is processed in the brain during movement is not well understood, although it is considered more critical than the cutaneous sensation to regulate voluntary movement. To address this question, we recorded evoked potentials from the primary somatosensory cortex area 3a by electrically stimulating the muscle afferent of the wrist extensor while the monkey was performing a reaching and grasping task with an instructed delay period. To stimulate proprioceptive nerve, we chronically implanted cuff electrodes the deep radial nerve. We found that the stimulus-evoked potentials recorded in area 3a decreased during the task performance. This result suggests that sensory gating of proprioceptive input occurs in cortical area 3a during the execution of motor tasks. Since a comparable suppression was also found in the delay period, we suggest that one source of sensory gating could be the top-down, efference copy signals from the cortical motor area. 2022年7月1日　11:00～12:00　沖縄コンベンションセンター 展示棟　ポスター会場1 2P-261 神経障害性疼痛における一次感覚神経のTSLPサイトカインの解析 Analysis of TSLP cytokine from primary sensory neurons in neuropathic pain *坂井 敦(1)、井野 佑佳(1,2)、丸山 基世(1,3)、坂本 篤裕(2)、鈴木 秀典(1) 1. 日本医科大学薬理学、2. 日本医科大学疼痛制御麻酔科学、3. 日本医科大学実験動物管理室 *Atsushi Sakai(1), Yuka Ino(1,2), Motoyo Maruyama(1,3), Atsuhiro Sakamoto(2), Hidenori Suzuki(1) 1. Dept Pharmacol, Nippon Med Sch, Tokyo, Japan, 2. Dept Anesthesiol, Nippon Med Sch, Tokyo, Japan, 3. Div Anim Lab Sci, Nippon Med Sch, Tokyo, Japan Keyword: neuropathic pain, TSLP, primary sensory neuron, dorsal root ganglion Peripheral nerve injury to sensory neurons causes intractable neuropathic pain. However, neuropathic pain is rare in both children and infant rodents. Mechanisms underlying the infant resistance to neuropathic pain remain poorly understood. In this study, we identified TSLP as a candidate target for neuropathic pain treatment through comprehensive analysis of difference in gene expression changes in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) in infant and adult rats. As a neuropathic pain model, spared nerve injury (SNI) was performed on infant (1 week old) and young adult (5–6 weeks old) rats. SNI caused mechanical allodynia in adult but not infant rats. Gene expression changes in the injured DRG of infant and adult rats were examined using RNA sequencing. Among the differentially changed genes in infant and adult rats, TSLP was drastically increased in the adult but not infant DRG after SNI. TSLP upregulation was induced early after SNI and persisted for at least 14 days. In situ hybridization showed that TSLP was strongly induced in DRG neurons. Intrathecal injection of TSLP caused mechanical allodynia in adult rats. On the other hand, intrathecal injection of TSLP siRNA blocked the development of neuropathic pain. Consistent with this, TSLP regulated the infiltration of immune cells and expressions of several inflammatory genes in the DRG. These results suggest that difference of TSLP expression in the infant and adult DRGs is involved in the infant resistance to neuropathic pain, and TSLP may be a plausible target for treatment of neuropathic pain. 2022年7月1日　11:00～12:00　沖縄コンベンションセンター 展示棟　ポスター会場1 2P-262 鼻腔内の局所環境と蒸れ感覚の関係 Relationship between the local environment in the nasal cavity and the humid sensation *加藤 一聖(1,2,3)、増田 雄太(1,2)、永島 計(2) 1. 早稲田大学人間科学研究科、2. 早稲田大学人間科学学術院 体温・体液研究室、3. 日本学術振興会特別研究員DC *Issei Kato(1,2,3), Yuta Masuda(1,2), Kei Nagashima(2) 1. Grad Sch of Human Sciences, Waseda University, 2. Body Temperature and Fluid laboratory, Faculty of Human Sciences, Waseda University, 3. Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Keyword: Humid sensation, Thermal sensation, Thermal comfort [Background] The humid sensation is closely related to the sense of comfort in humans. However, the formation mechanism of the humid sensation remains unclear in many areas. In our laboratory, we have shown that thermal sensation at nasal area may be an important factor in the humid sensation. It also suggests that the humid sensation may be enhanced in correlation with the temperature of the dew point temperature (Td). In this study, we performed controlled breathing by varying the temperature of the inhaled air and the Td and measured subjective sensory and physiological data during the breathing. The purpose of this study was to explore the factors involved in the formation of the humid sensation based on these analyses and previous findings. [Methods] Eighteen healthy male and female subjects (7 males and 11 females) were selected. The experiment consisted of controlled breathing through a respiratory mask that covered only the nasal area for 6 minutes per trial. The controlled breathing consisted of a 3-second nasal inhalation followed by a 3-second oral exhalation, for a total of 60 breaths. Eight trials were conducted (control trials) with varying combinations of inhalation temperature conditions (15, 25 and 35°C) and dew point temperature conditions (8, 14 and 20°C). In addition, a similar experiment was conducted by mixing inhalation air with vaporized l-menthol (menthol trial). The humid sensation and thermal sensation to the inhaled air, humid sensation, thermal sensation and thermal comfort in the whole body during breathing were evaluated using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) with a 10 cm straight line, mm from the left end. The questionnaires were performed before started, 2, 4 and 6 min after the start of controlled breathing. The nasal temperature (Tcavity), the frontal skin temperature (Thead), the nasal skin temperature (Tnose), and the heart rate (HR) were measured continuously during the experiment. [Results] There was a significant positive correlation between the amount of Tcavity change and the humid sensation to the inhaled air. There was also a significant positive correlation between temperature sensation and humidity sensation to the inhaled air. On the other hand, no similar correlations were found between Tcavity, whole body humidity sensation, and temperature sensation. [Discussion] The results suggest that changes in nasal mucosal temperature due to changes in the local environment in the nasal cavity play an important role in the formation of the humid sensation. As one of the mechanisms to perceive the humidity of the environment, the involvement of the sensation in the nasal cavity was shown to be possible. 2022年7月1日　11:00～12:00　沖縄コンベンションセンター 展示棟　ポスター会場1 2P-263 風の強さの感覚に関連した脳活動 Neural correlates of sensing of wind strength: An EEG study *丸山 裕恒(1)、中村 隆斗(2)、辻 将太(3)、水谷 国男(4)、玄 英麗(4)、大風 翼(2)、吉村 奈津江(1,5,6) 1. 東京工業大学科学技術創成研究院、2. 東京工業大学環境・社会理工学院、3. 東京工業大学工学院、4. 東京工芸大学工学部、5. ATR脳情報通信総合研究所、6. 国立精神・神経医療研究センター脳病態統合イメージングセンター *Yasuhisa Maruyama(1), Ryuto Nakamura(2), Shota Tsuji(3), Kunio Mizutani(4), Yingli Xuan(4), Tsubasa Okaze(2), Natsue Yoshimura(1,5,6) 1. Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan, 2. School of Environment and Society, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan, 3. School of Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan, 4. Faculty of Engineering, Tokyo Polytechnic University, Atsugi, Japan, 5. ATR Brain Information Communication Research Laboratory Group, Kyoto, Japan, 6. Integrative Brain Imaging Center, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan Keyword: Electroencephalography, Wind, Sensory processing We human can feel wind with our skin and sense the strength of the wind. To investigate brain regions related to perceiving the wind strength, in this study we analyzed electroencephalography (EEG) during exposure to wind. In an artificial climate chamber, four wind conditions with different wind speed (0.4, 1, 2, and 4 m/s) were randomly presented to eighteen healthy participants sitting on a chair. The temperature and relative humidity in the chamber were kept at 30 degrees Celsius and 70 percent respectively. In a single trial, the participants felt wind coming from the front with their eyes closed for 10 seconds and reported their pleasantness with a computerized visual analog scale. EEG data were recorded with 64 electrodes while 120 trials were conducted. In the analysis, source time series activities at more than 8000 vertices in the cerebral cortex were estimated from the EEG data using the weighted minimum norm estimate method. Then, power at five frequency bands (delta, theta, alpha, beta, and gamma bands) were calculated per trial in 68 brain regions based on Desikan-Killiany atlas. To reveal brain regions representing wind strength, we applied a linear mixed-effects model with power as the dependent variable and wind speed as well as pleasantness reports as fixed effects to each brain region and frequency band. The results showed that the beta-band power around the right insula and the right and left anterior cingulate gyri showed statistically significant main effect of wind strength. 2022年7月1日　11:00～12:00　沖縄コンベンションセンター 展示棟　ポスター会場1 2P-264 ヒト象牙芽細胞のアデニル酸シクラーゼ活性化による細胞内cAMP・Ca(2+)シグナルの検討 Intracellular cAMP and Ca(2+) signaling induced by activation of adenylyl cyclase in human odontoblasts *木村 麻記(1)、澁川 義幸(1) 1. 東京歯科大学 *Maki Kimura Kimura(1), Yoshiyuki Shibukawa(1) 1. Tokyo Dental College Keyword: Odontoblasts, Ca2+ signaling, Cyclic AMP signaling Odontoblasts, which are originated from neural crest, are sensory receptor cells, and participate in detection of various stimuli applied to the dentin surface. In the previous study, we demonstrated that Ca2+ signaling in odontoblasts plays critical roles in reactionary dentin formation and dentinal pain generation. In addition, we reported that the transient receptor potential (TRP) vanilloid subfamily member 1 (TRPV1) channel activation is mediated by intracellular cAMP level in odontoblasts. However, both the detailed intracellular cAMP signaling pathway and the role of cAMP on the cellular functions in odontoblasts remain unclear. In this study, we examined intracellular Ca2+ and cAMP signaling induced by activation of adenylyl cyclase or Gs protein-coupled beta-2 adrenergic receptors, and the crosstalk between their signaling in human odontoblast cells (HOB). Intracellular cAMP level and free Ca2+ concentration were measured using mNeonGreen-based cAMP sensor and fura-2, respectively. In the presence of extracellular Ca2+, the application of forskolin (an adenylyl cyclase activator) or isoproterenol (an agonist of the beta-2 adrenergic receptors) increased intracellular cAMP level in a dose-dependent manner in HOB cells. The increases were inhibited by application of SQ22536, an adenylyl cyclase inhibitor. In the presence of extracellular Ca2+, the application of forskolin or isoproterenol increased intracellular Ca2+ concentration in HOB cells. In the absence of extracellular Ca2+, application of the forskolin or isoproterenol increased intracellular cAMP level, but not intracellular Ca2+ concentration. In the presence of extracellular Ca2+, the forskolin or isoproterenol-induced increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration was not suppressed by application of TRPV1, TRP ankylin 1 (TRPA1), or L-type voltage-gated Ca2+ channel blockers. These results suggested that activation of beta-2 adrenergic receptors increased intracellular cAMP level by stimulating adenylyl cyclase, resulting in Ca2+ influx from extracellular medium in odontoblasts. The Ca2+ influx induced by activation of adenylyl cyclase seems to be not mediated by TRPV1, TRPA1, and L-type voltage-gated Ca2+ channel activation. 2022年7月1日　11:00～12:00　沖縄コンベンションセンター 展示棟　ポスター会場1 2P-265 遷延性術後疼痛における脊髄内ヒストン修飾の改善による疼痛制御 Pharmacological improvement of histone modulation in the spinal cord suppresses persistent allodynia under the postsurgical pain-state *田中 謙一(1,2)、勝田 陽介(1,3)、成田 道子(2,4)、竹島 秀幸(5)、濱田 祐輔(1,2)、佐藤 大介(1,2)、井関 雅子(3)、葛巻 直子(1,2)、牛島 俊和(5)、成田 年(1,2,3) 1. 星薬科大学 薬理学研究室、2. 国立がん研究センター研究所 がん患者病態生理研究分野、3. 順天堂大学医学部　麻酔科学・ペインクリニック講座、4. 東京医科大学　医学総合研究所 分子細胞治療研究部門、5. 国立がん研究センター研究所 エピゲノム解析分野 *Kenichi Tanaka(1,2), Yosuke Katsuda(1,3), Michiko Narita(2,4), Hideyuki Takeshima(5), Yusuke Hamada(1,2), Daisuke Sato(1,2), Masako Iseki(3), Naoko Kuzumaki(1,2), Toshikazu Ushijima(5), Minoru Narita(1,2,3) 1. Dept. Pharmacol., Hoshi Univ., Tokyo, Japan, 2. Div. Pathophysiol., Natl. Cancer Ctr. Res. Inst., Tokyo, Japan, 3. Dept. Anesthesiol., Pain Med., Juntendo Univ., Tokyo, Japan, 4. Dept. Mol and Cell Med., Tokyo Medical., Univ., Tokyo, Japan, 5. Div. Epigenomics, Natl. Cancer Ctr. Res. Inst., Tokyo, Japan Keyword: Chronic postsurgical pain, spinal cord, synaptic plasticity, epigenetics It has been widely accepted that epigenetic modulation persistently changes gene expression with no changes in the primary DNA sequence. A growing body of recent evidence suggests that epigenetic phenomena contribute to chronic pain as well as learning, memory, depression and drug addiction. In most cases, acute postsurgical pain, which is a form of nociceptive pain that is temporarily observed after surgery, can be controlled by analgesic medications and disappears with healing, whereas persistent postsurgical pain cannot be well-controlled by such analgesics. Now, the mechanism that underlies the establishment of chronic postsurgical pain (CPSP) after surgery remains unclear, and options for the treatment of CPSP are far from satisfactory. To elucidate the factors that contribute to CPSP, we developed a mouse model of CPSP induced by electrocautery and investigated the mechanism of CPSP. While both incision and electrocautery each produced acute allodynia in mice, persistent allodynia was only observed after electrocautery. Under these conditions, we found that the mRNA levels of Small proline rich protein 1A (Sprr1a) and Annexin A10 (Anxa10), which are the key modulators of neuropathic pain, in the spinal cord were more potently and persistently increased by electrocautery than by incision. In addition, we next characterized electrocautery-activated neurons in the spinal cord using FACS to isolate cFos-positive neurons in the ipsilateral side of the spinal cord with electrocautery. As a result, the mRNA levels of Sprr1a and Anxa10 as well as ELAV-like RNA binding protein 4 (Elavl4) and Ly6/Plaur domain containing 1 (Lypd1) in cFos-positive neurons obtained from mice after electrocautery were much higher than those in cFos-negative neurons. Furthermore, we performed chromatin immunoprecipitation assays and found that the increased expression of these genes was associated with decreased levels of tri-methylated histone H3 at Lys27 (H3K27me3) and increased levels of acetylated histone H3 at Lys27 (H3K27ac) at their promoter regions. Finally, we found that treatment with the selective H3K27 demethylase inhibitor significantly suppressed electrocautery-induced persistent allodynia and overexpression of Sprr1a and Anxa10 mRNA. These findings suggest that the persistent production of core pain-related molecules with histone modifications in spinal cord neurons may be an essential mechanism underlying electrocautery-induced CPSP. 2022年7月1日　11:00～12:00　沖縄コンベンションセンター 展示棟　ポスター会場1 2P-266 身体傾斜中の身体中心空間コーディングに関わる神経基盤：神経心理学研究 Neural substrate underlying body-centered spatial coding during whole-body tilt: A neuropsychological study *谷 恵介(1)、飯尾 晋太郎(2)、神谷 将人(2)、吉澤 康平(2)、重松 孝(3)、藤島 一郎(3)、田中 悟志(4) 1. 追手門学院大学心理学部心理学科、2. 浜松市リハビリテーション病院リハビリテーション部、3. 浜松市リハビリテーション病院リハビリテーション科、4. 浜松医科大学心理学研究室 *Keisuke Tani(1), Shintaro Iio(2), Masato Kamiya(2), Kohei Yoshizawa(2), Takashi Shigematsu(3), Ichiro Fujishima(3), Satoshi Tanaka(4) 1. Department of Psychology, Otemon Gakuin University, 2. Department of Rehabilitation, Hamamatsu City Rehabilitation Hospital, 3. Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Hamamatsu City Rehabilitation Hospital, 4. Laboratory of Psychology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine Keyword: Spatial orientation, Body axis, Stroke patient, Gravity [Background] Accurate awareness of the directions of the body axis is fundamental for goal-directed movements. Although the perception of body-axis orientation is strongly influenced by changes in body tilt orientation in space, little is known about the neural substrates underlying this phenomenon. We therefore used a neuropsychological approach to investigate this issue in patients with brain injury. [Methods] Thirty-seven patients with single-hemisphere stroke (16 females, 62.1 ± 12.1 years; 22 right-hemisphere lesions) and 18 healthy volunteers (9 females, 65.0 ± 10.3 years) participated in this study. Participants sat on a tilting chair and were asked to adjust a line presented on a display along their body longitudinal axis (subjective visual body axis: SVBA). SVBA angles as the difference between the adjusted line and the actual longitudinal axis were assessed under three body orientations: upright and tilted 10 degrees to the left or right. We calculated the bias of SVBA angles induced by body tilt, termed tilt-dependent error (TE). An image subtraction analysis of lesioned brain regions was conducted to determine which cortical areas were involved in modulating perceived body axis orientation (i.e., increased TE) during whole-body tilt. [Results] TE values were significantly smaller for the patients with stroke (Mean ± SD: 15.9 ± 15.9°) than for the healthy participants (26.1 ± 17.3°, p = 0.03). The lesioned regions from four patients who showed small TE values (mean: −4.6°; normal range: −3.3° to 70.6°) were compared with those from the other patients using head CT and MR images. The lesions in the superior and middle temporal gyrus, middle occipital gyrus, and inferior parietal lobule (angular and supramarginal gyrus) were associated with the small TE values in the SVBA task. [Discussion] This finding suggests that the occipitotemporal region and the inferior parietal lobule may play a key role in body-centered spatial coding during whole-body tilt. 2022年7月1日　11:00～12:00　沖縄コンベンションセンター 展示棟　ポスター会場1 2P-267 自己免疫疾患におけるめまい症状の病理解析 Analysis of the pathogenesis of vertigo associated with autoimmune diseases *小山 佳久(1,2)、原田 祥太郎(3)、今井 貴夫(3)、猪原 秀典(3)、島田 昌一(1,2) 1. 大阪大学大学院医学系研究科神経細胞生物学、2. 大阪精神医療センター こころの科学リサーチセンター 依存症ユニット、3. 大阪大学大学院医学系研究科耳鼻咽喉科・頸頭部外科 *Yoshihisa Koyama(1,2), Shotaro Harada(3), Takao Imai(3), Hidenori Inohara(3), Shoichi Shimada(1,2) 1. Neurosci and Cell Biol Dept, Grad Sch Med, Univ of Osaka, Osaka, Japan, 2. Addiction Research Unit, OPRC, OPMC, Osaka, Japan, 3. ORL-HNS Dept, Grad Sch Med, Univ of Osaka, Osaka, Japan Keyword: vertigo , Autoimmune inner ear disease, type II collagen, Meniere's disease Autoimmune inner ear disease (AIED) is an organ-specific autoimmune disease characterized by irreversible, prolonged, progressive hearing and equilibrium dysfunction. In particular, 50% of patients develop vertigo, accompanied by symptoms such as sensorineural deafness, tinnitus and ear fullness. Although immunosuppressants and steroids is administrated as symptomatic treatment for AIED, there is an urgent need to elucidate the vertigo pathogenesis and develop a curative drug from the viewpoint of side effects. Since vertigo symptom associated with AIED is similar to Meniere's disease, it is difficult to distinguish between the two diseases. Reportedly, high levels of type II collagen antibody are observed in about half of patients with Meniere's disease, whereas the prevalence of Meniere's disease is increased in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Therefore, it is possible that rheumatoid arthritis, which is an autoimmune disease of type II collagen antibody, is involved in AIED as well as Meniere's disease. In the present study, we analyzed the vertigo pathogenesis in autoimmune diseases using type II collagen-induced rheumatoid arthritis model mice. Our vestibular function test was successful in capturing vertigo symptoms in rheumatoid arthritis model mice because it can accurately assess the vestibulo-ocular reflex. The findings will be useful for elucidating the mechanism of vertigo symptom associated with AIED, and for developing new therapeutic methods. We would like to discuss the achievements to date and future prospects. 2022年7月1日　11:00～12:00　沖縄コンベンションセンター 展示棟　ポスター会場1 2P-268 卵形嚢分水嶺の有毛細胞は動的頭部運動を、分水嶺外の有毛細胞は静的頭部傾斜を選好的に受容する Striolar and extrastriolar utricular hair cells preferentially transduce head vibration and static tilt respectively *谷本 昌志(1,2)、渡我部 育子(1,2)、東島 眞一(1,2) 1. 基礎生物学研究所、2. 生命創成探究センター *Masashi Tanimoto(1,2), Ikuko Watakabe(1,2), Shin-ichi Higashijima(1,2) 1. National Institute for Basic Biology, 2. ExCELLS Keyword: in vivo imaging , hair cell , vestibular , zebrafish The vestibular signal is vital for stabilizing gaze and maintaining posture during dynamic (e.g. vibration) and static (e.g. slow tilt) head motion. Hair cells (HCs) in the macular (otolith) organs transduce the linear acceleration during the head motion and send neural signals to the brain through the afferent nerves of the vestibular ganglion neurons (VGNs). There are two classes of afferents: neurons innervating the central macula (striola, S) have irregular firing, adapt to a sustained stimulus, and are believed to be largely responsible for conveying the high-frequency stimuli, whereas those innervating the peripheral macula (extrastriola, ES) have regular firing and exhibit tonic responses. This raises a hypothesis that the S and ES HCs transduce the dynamic and static head motion, respectively. This hypothesis, however, has not been tested due to the lack of methods that systematically quantify the HC activity during the head motion. We previously built a “tiltable objective microscope” in which an objective lens can vibrate and tilt together with a small sample on a motorized stage during two-color ratiometric Ca2+ imaging. Here, with this microscope, we imaged neural activity in the utricular HCs and VGNs during vibration and static tilt in the pitch and roll axes in 5-day-old larvae. In order to identify S region in intact fish, we focused on s100s gene encoding a Ca2+-binding protein that is abundant in S region, and created a knock-in transgenic line in which the s100s promoter drove tdTomato expression. A swath of utricular subregion from the rostral through the lateral to the caudolateral region was labeled: this region was identified as S region. Combined with another line expressing jGCaMP7f in the HCs, Ca2+ imaging showed that the S HCs preferentially transduce the vibration stimulus with moderate responses to the static tilt, whereas the ES HCs preferentially receive the static tilt. Postsynaptic to the HCs, subpopulation of the VGNs responded either only to the vibration, only to the static tilt or both of them, suggesting that a part of the different modality signals are separately sent to the brain through the different, unimodal VGNs, whereas the rest of the signals are intermingled in the multimodal VGNs. Together, the dynamic and static head motion signals are segregated, though not mutually exclusively, at the first stage of the afferent circuits, and sent to the brain through both separate and shared pathways. 2022年7月1日　11:00～12:00　沖縄コンベンションセンター 展示棟　ポスター会場1 2P-269 和音予測の不確実性を反映する心拍誘発電位（HEP） Heartbeat evoked potential (HEP) reflects the uncertainty of prediction in musical chord sequence: an electroencephalography (EEG) study *小野 健太郎(1)、水落 亮平(1)、山本 一樹(2)、笹岡 貴史(1)、山脇 成人(1) 1. 広島大学脳・こころ・感性科学研究センター、2. 広島大学大学院 人間社会科学研究科 *Kentaro Ono(1), Ryohei Mizuochi(1), Kazuki Yamamoto(2), Takafumi Sasaoka(1), Shigeto Yamawaki(1) 1. Center for Brain, Mind, and KANSEI Sciences Research, Hiroshima University, 2. Graduate School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Hiroshima University Keyword: EEG, music, heartbeat evoked potential, interoception The processing of external sensory events (exteroception) and internal bodily states (interoception) play an essential role in human behavior. Recent theories have highlighted a predictive component of these domains based on the predictive coding theory. Heartbeat evoked potential (HEP) is the electrical activity in the brain following the R-peak in the electrocardiogram (ECG), measured by electroencephalography (EEG). The HEP is an index of interoception and has been used to evaluate the effect of exteroceptive perception on interoception during cognitive/emotional processing. However, fewer works considered the effect of exteroceptive prediction on interoception. Exteroceptive predictive information processing is fundamental to music because the process of prediction links with specific emotional and aesthetic musical effects. In particular, a harmonic prediction made by chord progression, a sequence of musical chords, is one of the factors to feel the tension and relax in music. Thus, the chord progression is suitable for testing whether the exteroceptive prediction affects interoceptive processing. So, this study aims to clarify whether the accuracy of chord prediction affects the HEP. In the experiment, chord sequences consisting of four major chords were used as stimuli. These chords were presented in each 1 second. Before the last chord, the silent period of 1 second was inserted to ask participants to predict the last chord. After listening to the chord sequence, the participants rated the accuracy of the prediction. To control the predictability of a chord, harmonically natural chord sequences (chord trial) and random sequences of four chords (random trial) were presented in random order. EEG and ECG were measured during the task, and the HEP was analyzed to evaluate the effect of prediction accuracy on these trials. The rating of prediction accuracy showed that the random trials were more difficult to predict than the chord trials. The EEG analysis showed that the HEP amplitude in the right fronto-central area was significantly larger for the random trials than for the chord trials during 300 – 400 ms after the R peaks of the heartbeats. Furthermore, the HEPs were negatively correlated with the prediction accuracy for the random trials. These results suggest that the uncertainty of prediction for the random trials corresponds with the higher HEP amplitude, and the exteroceptive prediction affects the interoceptive processing in the brain. 2022年7月1日　11:00～12:00　沖縄コンベンションセンター 展示棟　ポスター会場1 2P-270 環境の酸素と二酸化炭素情報が温度受容ニューロンに影響を与えることで線虫C. elegansの温度馴化多様性を生み出す The diversity of cold acclimation was generated by ambient oxygen and carbon dioxide information in C. elegans *岡畑 美咲(1)、吉名 佐和子(2)、水口 洋平(3)、D. Wei Aguan(4)、豊田 敦(3)、三谷 昌平(2)、三浦 徹(1)、太田 茜(1)、久原 篤(1,5) 1. 甲南大学統合ニューロバイオロジー研究所、2. 東京女子医大医学部、3. 国立遺伝学研究所、4. Seattle Children's Research Institute, USA、5. 日本医療研究開発機構 *Misaki Okahata(1), Sawako Yoshina(2), Yohei Minakuchi(3), Aguan D. Wei(4), Atsushi Toyoda(3), Shohei Mitani(2), Toru Miura(1), Akane Ohta(1), Atsushi Kuhara(1,5) 1. Inst. for Integrative Neurobio., Konan Univ., Kobe, Japan, 2. Tokyo Women’s Medical University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan, 3. National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Japan, 4. Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, USA, 5. PRIME, AMED Keyword: C. elegans, Cold acclimation, Neural circuit, Natural variation Living animals can acclimate to ambient condition by processing multiple environmental factors accurately. We previously reported that cold acclimation of C. elegans is able to be used as an experimental system for neural circuit. Human KCNQ-type potassium channel, KQT-2 was identified as a novel gene which regulated cold acclimation in C. elegans. KQT-2 regulates cold acclimation and temperature responsivity in ADL head sensory neuron. Interestingly, kqt-2 mutant showed stronger abnormal cold acclimation when kqt-2 mutant was cultivated at high oxygen concentration. ADL thermo-responsivity was affected by oxygen signaling from URX oxygen sensory neuron which is located on upstream of ADL. We proposed that the neural circuit model for integrating of multiple environmental factors (Okahata et al.. Sciense Advances, 2019). We previously suggested that natural variations show different cold acclimation. The responsible gene polymorphism for the diversity of cold acclimation was mapped on middle of chromosome I by next generation sequencer and SNP analysis (Okahata et al., JCPB, 2016). We measured cold acclimation in mutants defective in candidate genes which existed in mapping region. Among mutants of candidate genes, novel gene, VH15N14R.1 mutant showed abnormal cold acclimation. Because VH15N14R.1 was expressed in BAG oxygen and carbon dioxide sensory neuron which is located on upstream of ADL, we hypothesized that oxygen and carbon dioxide from BAG also affects ADL thermo-responsivity. We therefore conducted cold acclimation in mutants defective in GCY-33 and GCY-9 which function as an oxygen receptor and a carbon dioxide receptor in BAG respectively. Both of mutants showed abnormal cold acclimation. Ca2+ imaging analysis suggested that gcy-33 mutant showed abnormal decrement of ADL thermo responsivity. To examine whether oxygen information is involved in the diversity of cold acclimation, we measured cold acclimation in natural variants cultivated at 5% and 20% oxygen concentration. Although natural variations cultivated at 20% oxygen concentration showed different cold acclimation, 5% cultivated variation strains show similar cold acclimation phenotype. These results suggested that ambient oxygen and carbon dioxide information from BAG could modulate ADL thermo-responsivity, resulting in the diversity of cold acclimation. 2022年7月1日　11:00～12:00　沖縄コンベンションセンター 展示棟　ポスター会場1 2P-271 体性感覚一次視床核の聴覚と視覚刺激に対する感受性 Cross-modal sensitivity to auditory and visual stimulations in the first-order somatosensory thalamic nucleus *木村 晃久(1)、井辺 弘樹(1) 1. 和歌山県立医科大学 *Akihisa Kimura(1), Hiroki Imbe(1) 1. Wakayama Medical University Keyword: CROSS-MODAL SENSORY INTERACTION, SOMATOSENSORY PROCESSING, THALAMIC RETICULAR NUCLEUS, VENTRAL POSTERIOR LATERAL NUCLEUS The ventral posterior lateral nucleus (VPL) is the first-order thalamic nucleus, which is considered to be dedicated to unimodal somatosensory processing. In contrast to this conventional view, somatosensory cells in the thalamic reticular nucleus projecting to the VPL show cross-modal sensitivity to auditory and visual inputs, suggesting the possibility that the VPL is subject to cross-modal sensory influences. To test this possibility, possible alterations of VPL cell activities by auditory and visual stimulations were examined in anesthetized rats, using juxta-cellular recording and labeling (with neurobiotin) techniques. Recordings were obtained from 66 cells responsive to cutaneous electrical stimulation of the hindpaw contralateral to the recording side. Recording sites were histologically verified based on 51 labeled cells. Spontaneous cell activities and cell activities following cutaneous or other sensory (noise burst or white LED light) alone stimulation and combined (cutaneous stimulation, delayed after an interval) stimulation were recorded at random (Experiment 1). Cell activities following cutaneous alone stimulation and combined stimulations of four different intervals (auditory, 0-400 ms; visual, 50-400 ms) were then examined (Experiment 2). Further, cell activities following cutaneous stimulation combined with noise bursts of four different intensities (SPL, 48-108 dB) or pure tones of four different frequencies (2-36 kHz) were compared with those following cutaneous alone stimulation (Experiments 3 and 4). Auditory or visual alone stimulation, which did not induce cell activities except in a few cases, modulated the magnitude of cell activity (total spike number), latency (time and jitter) and burst spiking properties in onset and/or late response evoked by cutaneous stimulation. In Experiment 1, alterations of magnitude by sound were observed in 30 and 59 % of onset and late responses in 50 tested cells, while those by light were observed in 7 and 63 % in 31 tested cells. The magnitude modulation was bidirectional, i.e., increase or decrease. Alterations were observed mostly at short intervals (< 200 ms) and up to a 400 ms interval (Experiment 2). Sounds of higher intensities and lower frequencies were more effective for modulation (Experiments 3 and 4). These findings suggest that cross-modal sensory interactions pervasively take place in the first-order thalamic nuclei of somatosensory as well as auditory and visual modalities. 2022年7月1日　11:00～12:00　沖縄コンベンションセンター 展示棟　ポスター会場1 2P-272 若手レーシングドライバーにみられる感覚間抑制およびデフォルトモードネットワーク抑制の促進 Promotion of cross-modal and default mode network inhibitions in young racing car drivers *守田 知代(1,2)、浅田 稔(2,1)、内藤 栄一(1,2) 1. 情報通信研究機構、2. 大阪大学 *Tomoyo Morita(1,2), Minoru Asada(2,1), Eiichi Naito(1,2) 1. National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, 2. Osaka University Keyword: Cross-modal inhibition, DMN inhibition, functional MRI, development Performing a task activates relevant brain regions, while it may deactivate task-irrelevant brain regions (e.g., cross-modal inhibition). Such task-related deactivation is believed to enable the brain to concentrate on task-relevant information processing by suppressing activities that are unnecessary for performing the task. Our previous studies have shown that deactivation patterns when performing a task change with development and aging, implying the possibility that the development of deactivation is influenced by the experiences we have had. In the present study, we tested our hypothesis that task-related deactivation in a sensory selection task is well developed in the brains of young racing car drivers, who are likely to have a lot of training in quickly selecting the sensory information they need and reacting to this. We recruited 10 healthy young racing car drivers from Suzuka circuit racing school (aged 17–21 years) and 47 age-matched naïve control participants. The participants were presented with both visual and auditory stimuli. In a visual selection task, they were asked to respond to the visual stimuli by ignoring the auditory stimuli. In an auditory selection task, they were asked to respond to the auditory stimuli by ignoring the visual stimuli. We measured brain activity with functional MRI and reaction time (RT) when they performed these tasks. Regardless of the tasks, the driver group showed a significantly faster RT than the control group. Similarly, regardless of the tasks, the sensorimotor cortex, the vestibular-related areas, and the precuneus were significantly more deactivated in the driver group than in the control group, suggesting that cross-modal inhibition in the sensorimotor and vestibular regions and default mode network (DMN) inhibition during an audiovisual selection task better developed in the former group. Of these regions, only the precuneus showed a significant correlation between the degree of deactivation and RT across all participants (participants with stronger precuneus deactivation responded faster), suggesting that the precuneus deactivation can be an indicator of faster RT. Promotion of cross-modal inhibition in the sensorimotor and vestibular regions and of DMN inhibition in the driver group was likely due to their car racing training. Thus, the results support our view that the development of deactivation is influenced by the experiences we have had. 2022年7月1日　11:00～12:00　沖縄コンベンションセンター 展示棟　ポスター会場1 2P-273 Decoding the intensity of sensory input by two glutamate receptors in one C. elegans interneuron *Wenjuan Zou(1) 1. Zhejiang University Keyword: neuronal circuit, C. elegans, multisensory integration Decoding stimulus intensity is a fundamental property of sensory systems. How neurons are capable of decoding stimulus intensity and translate this information into complex behavioral outputs is poorly defined. Here, we demonstrate that the C. elegans interneuron AIB regulates two types of behaviors: reversal initiation and feeding suppression in response to different concentrations of quinine.To further dissect the circuit connections and molecular mechanisms that regulate both feeding and locomotion, we developed a fast tracking system called iCaN that not only analyzes locomotion and feeding behavior, but also simultaneously monitors intracellular Ca2+ concentrations in the neurons of freely moving worms. Using this system, we found that low concentrations of quinine are decoded in AIB by a low-threshold, fast-inactivation, high affinity AMPA-type ionotropic glutamate receptor GLR-1 and translated into reversal initiation. In contrast, high concentrations of quinine are decoded by a high-threshold, slow-inactivation, low affinity kainate-type ionotropic glutamate receptor GLR-5 in AIB. After activation, GLR-5 evokes sustained Ca2+ release from the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3)-sensitive Ca2+ stores and triggers neuropeptide secretion, which in turn activates the downstream neuron RIM and inhibits feeding. Our data illustrate the circuit, synaptic, molecular and intracellular mechanisms by which C. elegans decodes the intensity of quinine stimulus and encodes two distinct behavioral outputs. Furthermore, Our results reveal that distinct signal patterns in a single interneuron AIB can encode differential behavioral outputs depending on the stimulus intensity, thus highlighting the importance of functional mapping of information propagation at the single-neuron level during connectome construction. 2022年7月1日　11:00～12:00　沖縄コンベンションセンター 展示棟　ポスター会場1 2P-274 劇団俳優と一般人の演劇脳波：ジュリエットのバルコニーのシーン EEGs during theatric performance in actors and novices: the balcony scene of Juliet *田中 昌司(1)、常広 菜々子(1) 1. 上智大学 *Shoji Tanaka(1), Nanako Tsunehiro(1) 1. Sophia University Keyword: ACTOR, ACTING, SCENE, THEATER Introduction Neuroscience research of theatric performance is rare. This study aimed to characterize the activity of the brains of theatric actresses and novices while they played a role. Playing a role requires many functions, such as scene construction, working memory, controlled performance, and Theory of Mind. How much degree the participants attained these functions would result in the differences in neuronal activities between the actresses and novices. Methods This pilot study recruited three actresses and nine novices (female, university students who do not major theatric studies). All participants provided written informed consent before participating in the study. The participants performed the well-known balcony scene of “Romeo and Juliet” by William Shakespeare in Japanese in my laboratory at Sophia University. The EEG (32 channels, g.Nautilus with active electrodes) was recorded during the performance, and the acquired data were subjected to analyses in time and frequency (1 – 45 Hz) domains. The recording constituted three sessions: reading the script without emotional expression (R), reading the script emotionally (E), and natural performance without the script (N). Results and Discussion The overall EEG power was higher in the R < E < N order. Topological maps of EEG power on the scalp reflected individual differences, especially in the novices. Some showed higher power in the occipital regions, suggesting visual processing. Others showed higher power in the temporal regions, suggesting semantic processing. The topological maps in the actresses showed enhanced activity of the midline structures in the posterior regions in particular. These regions include the precuneus, which mediates scene construction. Moreover, the precuneus showed enhanced functional connectivity with the inferior and middle frontal gyri, suggesting integration of mental scenes and performance. Conclusion While the novices showed large individual differences in the topological maps of EEG power, the actresses showed enhanced activity of the posterior midline structures. This result suggests that the well-trained actresses played the character with successful construction of the relevant scene. 2022年7月1日　11:00～12:00　沖縄コンベンションセンター 展示棟　ポスター会場1 2P-275 触覚刺激弁別課題時における複数脳領域における活動と情報表現の相互作用 Interaction between brain activity and information representation in the multiple cortical areas for tactile orientation classification *佐藤 海渡(1)、野崎 恵(1)、中谷 駿(1)、高橋 陽香(2)、角谷 基文(3)、北田 亮(4)、定藤 規弘(5,6)、神谷 之康(7,8)、宮脇 陽一(1) 1. 電気通信大学 情報理工学研究科、2. 花王株式会社　感覚科学研究所、3. 専修大学大学院　文学研究科、4. 神戸大学大学院　国際文化研究科、5. 自然科学研究機構 生理学研究所、6. 総合研究大学院大学 生命科学研究科、7. ATR脳情報通信総合研究所、8. 京都大学大学院 情報学研究科 *Kaito Sato(1), Megumi Nozaki(1), Shun Nakatani(1), Haruka Takahashi(2), Motofumi Sumiya(3), Ryo Kitada(4), Norihiro Sadato(5,6), Yukiyasu Kamitani(7,8), Yoichi Miyawaki(1) 1. Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications, Tokyo, Japan, 2. Sensory Science Research Laboratories, Kao Corporation, Tokyo, Japan , 3. Graduate Schools of the humanities, Senshu University, Tokyo, Japan, 4. Graduate School of Intercultural Studies, Kobe University, Hyogo, Japan, 5. Department of Cerebral Research, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Aichi, Japan, 6. Department of Physiological Sciences, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Kanagawa, Japan, 7. ATR Computational Neuroscience Laboratories, Kyoto, Japan, 8. Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan Keyword: NEURAL DECODING, fMRI, SENSORY INTEGRATION, TACTILE STIMULI The human visual cortex primarily processes visual information, but several studies suggest that it might play a certain role in tactile information processing even for the sighted people based on experimental observations such as an increase of the activity of the primary visual cortex (V1) for tactile stimuli (Merabet et al., 2007) and deterioration of tactile discrimination performance by transcranial magnetic stimulation applied around V1 (Zangaladze et al., 1999). However, it remains elusive whether tactile stimulus information is represented in the V1 activity of the sighted people. To examine this question, our group has conducted neural decoding and evaluated information content represented in fMRI signals in V1 evoked by tactile orientation stimuli to the fingertips of the sighted participants. Our previous study showed that the decoding accuracy for tactile orientation stimuli was statistically significant in the somatosensory area (SMT) and the intraparietal sulcus (IPS), suggesting that the brain activity in these areas may represent tactile orientation information. V1, on the other hand, showed activation for tactile orientation stimuli with a certain amount of individual variations as a previous study showed (Merabet et al., 2007) but the decoding accuracy was all insignificant, suggesting irrelevance of V1 for tactile orientation information representation. In this study, we focused on these individual variations and analyzed multi-areal correlations between information representation and the magnitude of brain activity. Results showed that decoding accuracy in the SMT and the activity of V1 had significant negative correlation, and the negative correlation progressively diminished along the visual cortical hierarchy up to V3. These results suggest complementary roles of SMT and the lower visual cortices to tactile orientation judgement. 2022年7月1日　11:00～12:00　沖縄コンベンションセンター 展示棟　ポスター会場1 2P-276 マカクザルで観察された逆向現象知覚 Postdictive perception observed in macaque monkey. *勝山 成美(1)、西村 洋志(1)、中村 克樹(1) 1. 京都大学霊長類研究所 *Narumi Katsuyama(1), Hiroshi Nishimura(1), katsuki Nakamura(1) 1. Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University Keyword: Postdiction, perception, macaque monkey, multimodal integration Perception of a sensory stimulus can be modulated by another stimulus presented later in physical time. This phenomenon is referred to as postdiction. For example, a masking stimulus can suppress the perception of a target stimulus that is presented earlier (backward masking). Postdiction is thought to compensate for the delays of cortical processing so that perceptual time does not mismatch the physical time. The effects have been reported not only in a single modality including vision, audition, and somatosensation, but also combinations of them, suggesting that postdiction may be ubiquitous for human perceptual processes. However, little is known about how the backward perception is achieved in the brain. To elucidate the cortical mechanisms underlying postdiction, we conducted a behavioral study to examine whether animals have also postdictive perception. We applied the modulated version of the “invisible rabbit” task reported by Stiles et al. (2018) to macaque monkey. A Japanese macaque (Macaca fuscata) was trained to manipulate a joystick depending on the number of flashes presented at different positions from left to right on a display with an interstimulus interval of 50 ms. When two or three flashes were presented, monkey had to turn the joystick to the left or right, respectively, to obtain a liquid reward (only visual condition). When the monkey completed the task (correct rate > 80%), two test conditions were introduced: congruent and incongruent conditions. In these conditions, two or three flashes were presented in a trial as in the only visual condition. In congruent condition, flashes were paired with a beep in all trials. On the other hand, only the first and third flashes were accompanied with a beep in the three flashes trials of the incongruent condition, while all flashes were paired with a beep in the two flashes trials. Trials of the only visual, congruent, and incongruent conditions were intermingled at a ratio of 8:1:1. The response rate answering three flashes (turning the joystick to the right) in the three flashes trials was analyzed for all conditions. In the 720 trials obtained in the initial three days after the introduction of the new conditions, the response rate of answering three flashes in incongruent condition (0.68%) was significantly lower than those in the other conditions (one-way ANOVA, p < 0.001). No difference was observed in the response rate between the only visual (0.88%) and congruent (0.97%) condition. This indicates that the monkey perceived two flashes in more than 30% of the three flashes trials of incongruent condition. The reduction ratio of the response ratio between the congruent and incongruent condition was comparable to that observed in the invisible rabbit effect for human observers (Stiles et al., 2018). These results suggest that monkey may have postdictive perception as well as human beings. 2022年7月1日　11:00～12:00　沖縄コンベンションセンター 展示棟　ポスター会場1 2P-277 渡り鳥の幼鳥の内側外套にある頭方位細胞は北方位を好む Northward overrepresentation of head direction cells in the medial pallium of juvenile migratory birds *髙橋 晋(1)、本部 拓未(2)、松本 祥子(2)、井出 薫(1)、依田 憲(2) 1. 同志社大学大学院脳科学研究科、2. 名古屋大学大学院環境学研究科 *Susumu Takahashi(1), Takumi Hombe(2), Sakiko Matsumoto(2), Kaoru Ide(1), Ken Yoda(2) 1. Grad Sch Brain Sci, Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan, 2. Gra Sch Env Studies, Nagoya University, Aichi, Japan Keyword: Head direction cell, Seabird Migratory birds have magnetically sensitive proteins in their retina. In mammals, head direction (HD) cells are found in the brain; The vestibular brainstem contributes to generating HD signals. HD cells in mammals are not considered as a magnetic compass because these cells depend on self-motion cues. Magnetic field-responsive (MR) cells have been found in the avian vestibular brainstem, overlapping anatomically with a locus of HD coding. However, it remains unknown whether some HD cells are sensitive to magnetic direction. To test whether the medial pallium (MP) serves as an integration substrate for the sense of direction and magnetoreception, we recorded neural activities in the brain of wild streaked shearwater chicks voluntarily walking in an open arena in a room or outside near the burrows. 22 of 95 cells recorded from nine chicks (~23%) were categorized as head direction cells. Similar to HD cells in the brain of mammals, fish, insects, and birds, HD cell firings pooled across all chicks covered nearly the entire range of 360°. However, the preferred directions were significantly confined to the north. The geolocation and distal sensory cues differed between the indoor and outdoor experiments. However, the preferred directions for the population of HD cells in the indoor and outdoor experiments remained north and did not significantly differ. Finally, to exclude the possibility that the change in local sensory cues influences the northward overrepresentation of HD cells, we conducted additional experiments in which chicks were subjected to experience different arenas. During the first and probe sessions in arena deformation, 18 of 47 recorded cells were identified as significant HD cells, whereas 13 cells were silent in either session. The preferred direction for the population of HD cells was mostly toward the north in both sessions. Similarly, during the first and last sessions conducted in identically shaped familiar arenas, 20 of 70 recorded cells were identified as significant HD cells, whereas 36 cells were silent in either session. The preferred direction generally remained north between repeated exposures of the same-shaped arena. However, the number of cells consistently identified as an HD cell over the arena manipulations period was low. These results demonstrated that the HD cells were replaced with little overlap in response to local environmental changes; however, their population signals consistently pointed to the north. Together with the fact that MR cells are present in the avian vestibular nuclei, which is a major source of the HD cell network, these results suggest that the HD sense of shearwaters at the onset of their first migration aligned in a north orientation using geolocation-invariant cues with the Earth’s magnetic field as a prime candidate. 2022年7月1日　11:00～12:00　沖縄コンベンションセンター 展示棟　ポスター会場1 2P-278 金魚における垂直性ならびに回旋性視運動性眼球運動の学習による獲得 Acquisition of vertical and torsional optokinetic response in goldfish *田所 慎(1,2)、進士 裕介(1)、平田 豊(1,3,4) 1. 中部大学大学院工学研究科、2. 防衛医科大学校耳鼻咽喉科学講座、3. 中部大学AI数理デー タサイエンスセンター、4. 中部大学創発学術院 *Shin Tadokoro(1,2), Yusuke Shinji(1), Yutaka Hirata(1,3,4) 1. Grad. Sch. Eng., Chubu Univ., Kasugai, Japan, 2. Dept. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg., Natl. Def. Med. Col., Tokorozawa, Japan, 3. Ctr. Math. Sci. & AI, Chubu Univ., Kasugai, Japan, 4. Acad. Emerg. Sci., Chubu Univ., Kasugai, Japan Keyword: spatial orientation, velocity storage mechanism, Bayesian inference, multi-modal sensory information The sense of spatial orientation (SO) is crucial for postural and motor control as well as spatial navigation. SO is formed by integrating multi-modal sensory information mainly from vestibular, visual, and somatosensory systems. A key to the accurate SO formation is precise estimation of gravity vector, namely, to sense which way is up. Iterative Bayesian state estimation algorithms such as the Kalman filter have been demonstrated to estimate the vector properly from noisy vestibular signals (McNeilage et al., 2009). In the Bayesian framework, the velocity storage mechanism (VSM) is considered to play a role of the optimal multisensory integrator combining vestibular and visual information (Laurens & Angelaki, 2011). Characteristics of the VSM are reflected in the reflexive eye movements called the vestibuloocular reflex (VOR) and optokinetic response (OKR). Goldfish is one of the animal species most thoroughly understood for these eye movements, and their underlying neuronal structures/functions have been identified to be well conserved through primates (Miki, et al. 2018). While goldfish VOR is known to be robustly induced for all horizontal (H), vertical (V), and torsional (T) rotations (yaw, roll, and pitch, respectively) as in primate, their OKR has been evaluated only in the H direction. Currently, we evaluated V and TOKR in goldfish around roll and pitch axis, respectively. We first constructed a virtual reality water tank system that enables full-field arbitrary waveform optokinetic visual stimuli around all 3D axes. In this setup, goldfish were exposed to bidirectional velocity step stimuli for 90 min around either of these axes. We found that naïve animals presented minimal V and TOKR in contrast to robust HOKR. However, their V and TOKR gradually emerged, reaching to gains (max. eye velocity / visual stimulus velocity) significantly greater than 0 at the end of the visual training. These results suggest that the prior probability of visual motions around roll and pitch axes without congruent vestibular signals were very unlikely for naïve goldfish, resulting in poor formation of SO. Prolonged exposure to these incongruent visual motions alone updated the prior as well as the likelihood, resulting in appropriate SO estimation in the Bayesian framework to produce proper compensatory OKR. The time course of V and TOKR gain adaptation currently revealed may provide insights into how fast the VSM updates multi-sensory memory to form SO. 2022年7月1日　11:00～12:00　沖縄コンベンションセンター 展示棟　ポスター会場1 2P-279 周期的な外部感覚刺激による扁桃体BA核オシレーションの引き込み現象の解析 Oscillation resonance entrained by rhythmic sensory stimulation in basolateral amygdala *橋爪 幹(1)、伊藤 吏那(1)、北條 泰嗣(1)、平尾 歩(1)、村上 元(1)、村越 隆之(1) 1. 埼玉医科大学 *Miki Hashizume(1), Rina Ito(1), Yasushi Hojo(1), Ayumi Hirao(1), Gen Murakami(1), Takayuki Murakoshi(1) 1. Saitama Medical University Keyword: Oscillation, Sensory stimulation, entrainment, Amygdala Basolateral amygdaloid complex (BLA) is the central region of cue-dependent and contextual fear memory. It is known that the BLA receives auditory signal from thalamus and cortex, so that neutral tone or light signals associated with electrical shock can produce aversive emotion in the fear-conditioned animal. It is also reported that projection neurons of basolateral nucleus (BA, a ventral part of BLA) show slow rhythmic activity and that they burst-fire at a low rate (~1 Hz) preferentially during slow-wave sleep. Similarly, in vitro electrophysiological studies revealed that BA projection neurons receive slow (0.5-2 Hz) rhythmic inhibitory inputs driven by local GABAergic and glutamatergic transmissions. Our present study aimed to investigate whether the frequency of brain oscillation is changed by rhythmic sensory stimulation. Especially, we tried to establish the entrainment of BA activity into theta (4-10 Hz) oscillation, which has been often observed in BLA when the conditioned animal felt fear. It may be eventually expected that entrained theta oscillation in BLA enhances learning process including the fear memory. In the present study, we applied the periodical light and tone stimulation to juvenile rats (P24-32), thereafter followed by electrophysiological recordings. Rats were stimulated by synchronous tone (50 dB, 10 kHz, 10 ms) and LED illumination (100-1000 Lux, 10 ms) at the frequency of 1 or 5 Hz for 1 hour. Immediately after the end of stimulation, the oscillatory activity of BA projection neuron was observed in vitro by whole-cell patch clamp recordings. The oscillatory frequency of BA projection neuron was actually entrained into around 4 Hz in ca. 20 % of the trials when 5 Hz stimulation was applied to the rat. However, the frequency returned slower in later recordings from the same slice or different slices from the same animal, suggesting that the entrainment was a reversible phenomenon. The total power of oscillation between 0.1 and 10 Hz range did not change significantly between control and stimulated groups. These results suggest that rhythmic sensory stimulation can induce the amygdala oscillation to be entrained into the optional frequency. 2022年7月1日　11:00～12:00　沖縄コンベンションセンター 展示棟　ポスター会場1 2P-280 Whole brain connectivity analysis during movie-watching using recurrent neural networks reveals specific spatio-temporal structure *Leonardo S Barbosa(1), Shuntaro Sasai(1) 1. Araya Inc. Keyword: multisensory integration, movie watching, machine learning, neural network Here we used data acquired with magneto-encephalography (MEG) during movie watching in order to investigate the spatio-temporal structure of the current sources. After separating the activity into regions, we used a recurrent neural network (RNN) to predict the activity in one region given the activity of all the other regions in the previous second. By using a token specifying the target region to the network, we were able to train only one network per subject. This way, the network is encouraged to encode latent representations that are common to all regions. After training, the accuracy predicting each region, when compared to chance, reveals a network that encodes visual motion imagery, such as supramarginal gyrus and superior parietal lobe. Importantly, by studying the gradient of the network with respect to the correct targets, we were able to reveal which regions, in which frequency band, are relevant for predicting the activity in each one of the predicted regions. We argue that this spatio-temporal encoding paves the way for more advanced connectivity maps that use high-order statistical features and reveals novel latent representation in large scale cortico-cortical networks. 2022年7月1日　11:00～12:00　沖縄コンベンションセンター 展示棟　ポスター会場1 2P-281 Food Go/NoGo課題による摂食抑制の神経基盤 The food go/no-go task modulates activity in the insula and pons to promote healthy dietary choices *中村 優子(1)、桶本 瑞紀(1) 1. 東京大学 *Yuko Nakamura(1), Mizuki Okemoto(1) 1. The University of Tokyo Keyword: Food Go/NoGo task, dietary choices, ingestive behavior, functional magnetic resonance imaging Objective: The global prevalence of obesity has nearly tripled between 1975 and 2016. Given the severity of the obesity epidemic, effective strategies are required to prevent and manage obesity. Dietary choices have a profound influence on health and weight management, and in the recent years, food related inhibitory control training has been employed to manage dietary choices and promote healthy eating. One such successful method of dietary inhibitory control training is the food go/no-go task. However, the neural mechanisms underlying this method which contribute to its effectiveness have not been sufficiently studied. Methods: We designed a repeated measures functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) experiment. Fifty healthy participants were included in the study. The food go/no-go task group included 26 participants (17 male, 9 female, age 22.5 ± 3.1 years), and the non-food go/no-go task group included 24 participants (15 male, 9 female, age 23.7 ± 3.1 years). All participants provided written informed consent, and the study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Department of Arts and Sciences at The University of Tokyo (Approval No. 646–2). All participants performed the online food go/no-go task or non-food go/no-go task for three weeks. For the food go/no-go task, high-calorie food images were set as "no-go", and low-calorie food images were set as "go." For the non-food go/no-go task, images of household items (e.g., scissors and pencils) were used. fMRI captured brain responses to "no-go" and "go" food items pre- and post-online intervention. Results: Post intervention, the participants in the food go/no-go task group showed a decreased desire to eat no-go items (high-calorie foods) and an increased desire to eat go items (low-calorie foods) (p<0.001, F(1,1708)=15.53) when compared to the participants in the non-food go/no-go task group. fMRI showed interactions across the food categories, groups, and time points (pre- and post-intervention) in the ventral insula (z = 4.87, pFWE-corrected = 0.033) and pons (z = 4.81, pFWE-corrected = 0.042). Conclusions: Given that the ventral insula and pons are involved in appetite and satiety, our findings indicate that the food go/no-go task can modulate subjective appetite by influencing activity in the insula and pons. 2022年7月1日　11:00～12:00　沖縄コンベンションセンター 展示棟　ポスター会場1 2P-282 マウス後部帯状皮質におけるサブドメインの同定; マクロ機能イメージングと狂犬病ウイルスベクターによるアプローチ Functional and anatomical segregation of the mouse retrosplenial cortex *竹内 遼介(1)、上田 瑠南(1)、正木 佑治(1)、伊藤 慶(1)、山口 真広(1)、小坂田 文隆(1,2,3) 1. 名古屋大学大学院 創薬科学研究科 細胞薬効解析学、2. 名古屋大学高等研究院 神経情報処理研究チーム、3. 名古屋大学未来社会創造機構 ナノライフシステム研究所 *Ryosuke F Takeuchi(1), Rumina Ueda(1), Yuji Masaki(1), Kei N Ito(1), Masahiro Yamaguchi(1), Fumitaka Osakada(1,2,3) 1. Lab. of Cell. Pharmacol., Grad. Sch. of Pharm. Sci., Nagoya Univ., 2. Lab. Neural Info. Proc., Inst. Adv. Res., Nagoya Univ., 3. NLS, Inst. Inn. Fut. Soc., Nagoya Univ. Keyword: Retrosplenial cortex, Anterior cingulate cortex, Rabies virus vector, Wide-field calcium imaging The cingulate cortex is a region located from the genu of the corpus callosum to the splenium of the corpus callosum in the brain. The retrosplenial cortex (RSP), a region of the posterior cingulate cortex, is involved in processing information such as memory and navigation. Recent studies suggest the existence of subdomains along the anterior-posterior axis in the RSP (RSPa and RSPp, respectively); however, the detailed anatomical and functional description of those subdomains remains unknown. First, using a wide-field calcium imaging technique, we characterized the response functional properties of neurons in the RSPa and RSPp. We found that the RSPp showed a strong visually evoked response, while the RSPa reliably responded to the locomotion-related information. Then, to investigate the anatomical basis of these functional subdomains, we analyzed the input and output organization of neurons in the RSPa and RSPp. First, to identify the input, we injected G-deleted rabies vectors to the RSPa and RSPp. We found that the RSPp received dense projection from hippocampal regions and visual areas, while the RSPa received dense projection from the frontal cortex. Moreover, to identify the output, we analyzed axonal targets of the RSPa and RSPp using the Allen connectivity atlas database (Oh et al., 2014). Axonal density analysis showed the strong output of the RSPp to the visual areas and the strong output of the RSPa to the parietal cortical regions. Collectively, these results suggest the existence of segregated modules in RSP regions. We conclude that the RSPp is a hub of vision and memory processing circuits, whereas the RSPa works as a hub of motor and decision-making circuits. 2022年7月1日　11:00～12:00　沖縄コンベンションセンター 展示棟　ポスター会場1 2P-283 Spatial resolution in object localization of antennal mechanosensory system in crickets *Nwuneke Okereke Ifere(1), Hisashi Shidara(2,3), Nodoka Sato(1), Hiroto Ogawa(3) 1. Biosystem Sci, Grad Sch Life Sci, Hokkaido Univ, Sapporo, Japan, 2. Dept Biochem, Grad Sch Med, Mie Univ, Tsu, Japan, 3. Dept Bio Sci, Fac Sci, Hokkaido Univ, Sapporo, Japan Keyword: MULTISENSORY, TACTILE, ESCAPE BEHAVIOR, INSECT Insects use their antennal mechanosensory system to acquire spatial information about the surrounding objects. Nocturnal insects such as crickets actively and repetitively contact their antennae with objects in the near-head space to precisely localize them. Crickets exhibit escape behavior in response to air-puff stimulus detected as an approaching predator signal by the cerci, which is abdominal mechanosensory organ different from the antennae. Recently, we reported that crickets modulate the wind-elicited escape behavior while they detect obstacles such as ‘wall’ by the antennal system (Ifere et al., 2022). This suggests the cricket’s ability of spatial awareness mediated by the antennal system. However, it remains unknown how accurately the crickets assess the object scale. For successful escape in the field, perception of the size of the obstacle relative to the own body size would be important for animals to determine the travel path or the escape to shelter. To explore the spatial resolution of the antennal system, we placed a wall with opening gap of different width in front of the cricket so that they are detected by antennae, and examined the modulation of their escape response to the air puff from rear. When the wall with no opening gap was placed, the stimulated crickets moved to either side to avoid collision with the wall, whereas the crickets escaped more straight-forward as the gap width increased. The effect by the forward wall was significant in the walking direction variance for the gap width smaller than 12 mm. Considering the width of cricket’s body (6.95 ± 0.07 mm), it is possible that the crickets measure whether the travel route was wide enough for their body size to pass through by using antennal system. In addition, the larger gap width, the shorter the reaction time and the longer the walking distance. This indicated that the cricket likely delayed the escape start and suppress the escape movement depending on the size of the expected escape route. Taken together, by using the antennal system, crickets were likely able to perceive the size of the escape route sufficient to accommodate the body size to avoid collision. 2022年7月1日　11:00～12:00　沖縄コンベンションセンター 展示棟　ポスター会場1 2P-284 二足立ちラットにおける予測的姿勢制御：小脳虫部の役割と数理シミュレーション Predictive postural controls in bipedal rats: role of cerebellar vermis and mathematical simulation *鴻巣 暁(1)、舩戸 徹郎(2)、松木 勇磨(2)、酒井 隆太郎(1)、柳原 大(1) 1. 東京大学、2. 電気通信大学 *Akira Konosu(1), Tetsuro Funato(2), Yuma Matsuki(2), Ryutaro Sakai(1), Dai Yanagihara(1) 1. The University of Tokyo, 2. The University of Electro-communications Keyword: PREDICIVE POSTURAL CONTROL, BIPEDAL RATS, MATHEMATICAL SIMULATION, CEREBELLAR VERMIS Humans and animals learn the internal model of bodies and environments from their experience and predictively stabilize their postures against disturbances. Although a wide range of nervous system areas, centered in the cerebellum, have been suggested to be involved in these predictive postural controls, the detailed mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we constructed a novel postural task in rats and examined the role of cerebellar vermis in acquiring the predictive postural controls. Moreover, we approached the neural mechanisms of the predictive controls with a mathematical simulation. In the behavioral experiments, rats standing upright using their hindlimbs were given a visual cue, and after a certain period, the floor under them tilted backward. This disturbance induced a large postural responses including backward rotation of the center-of-mass angle and hind limb segments. Intact rats (n=6) progressively adjusted to the disturbance through experiencing 70 sequential trials, reducing the postural responses. However, rats lesioned in vermal lobules V-VII　(n=6) could not reduce the responses as much as the intact rats. We simulated the postural control of the rats under the disturbance using an inverted pendulum model and model predictive control (MPC). MPC is a control method for predicting future states using an internal model of the control target. Identification of the predictive and physiological parameters so that the simulation corresponds to the behaviors of the intact rats after learning, resulted in a value of predictive horizon (0.96 s) close to the interval time in the experiment (0.9-1.15 s). These results suggest that the rats predicted postural dynamics under the disturbance based on the timing of the sensory information and that the cerebellar vermis operate as the forward controller to embed the internal model for MPC. 2022年7月1日　11:00～12:00　沖縄コンベンションセンター 展示棟　ポスター会場1 2P-285 Photothrombosis法を用いた小脳梗塞モデルマウスにおける歩行障害 Gait disorders induced by photothrombotic cerebellar stroke in mice *井上 桂輔(1,2)、淺香 明子(1)、李 佐知子(3)、石川 欽也(4)、柳原 大(1) 1. 東京大学大学院総合文化研究科、2. JAとりで総合医療センター　リハビリテーション部、3. 名古屋大学大学院医学部保健医療学科、4. 東京医科歯科大学大学院脳神経病態学 *Keisuke Inoue(1,2), Meiko Asaka(1), Sachiko Lee(3), Kinya Ishikawa(4), Dai Yanagihara(1) 1. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan, 2. Department of Rehabilitation, JA Toride Medical Center, 3. Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, 4. Department of Neurology and Neurological Science, Graduate School, Tokyo Mediacal and Dental University Keyword: cerebellar stroke, gait disorders, photothrombosis, kinematic analysis 【Introduction】Cerebellar stroke is one of the less common types of ischemic stroke. Patients with cerebellar stroke have clinical symptoms that are characterized by postural dysfunctions and gait ataxia. While these motor deficits often improve dramatically (Konczak et al., 2010), the essential mechanisms have not been uncovered. The aim of the present study was to kinematically investigate cerebellar gait ataxia caused by photothrombotic stroke in mice to develop an appropriate model to study prognosis and treatment following a cerebellar stroke.【Methods】Experiments were performed on C57BL/6J male mice (n = 13: stroke = 7, control = 6). To analyze locomotion, accelerating rotarod tests, ladder rung tests, and treadmill walking tests were performed. In the treadmill walking test, reflective markers were placed on the hindlimbs and the animals walked at a 20 m/ min pace on the treadmill. The locomotion tests were performed 3 days before (pre) and 4 days after (4 d) the cerebellar stroke. The rate of change (4 d/ pre) was compared between the stroke group and the control group. To induce photothrombotic lesions, Rose Bengal dye (30μg/ g body weight) was injected via the tail vein, and a 1mm diameter probe was placed over the surface of lobules Ⅳ and Ⅴ for illumination by green laser (532 nm, 10 min). 【Results】Histological analysis identified lesions on lobules Ⅳ, Ⅴ, and Ⅵ in the vermis and paravermal regions of all mice with an induced photothrombotic stroke. The rate of falling during the ladder rung test was significantly increased in the stroke group (stroke, 1.23 ± 0.08; control, 0.83 ± 0.16, p = 0.021). In the treadmill walking test, the swing duration was significantly shortened (stroke, 0.91 ± 0.03; control, 1.04 ± 0.06; p = 0.049) and the limb axis angle during foot contact was significantly increased (stroke, 1.10 ± 0.06; control, 0.89 ± 0.04; p = 0.016) in the stroke group.【Discussion】In the present study, photothrombotic cerebellar strokes induced gait disorders among test mice. In the treadmill walking test, the shortened swing duration was similar to that observed in a previous study of Cbln1-null mice that had dysfunction in parallel fiber-Purkinje cell synapses (Takeuchi et al., 2018). The change in hindlimb axis angle may be caused by the loss of feedback information on the position and movement of limbs during locomotion.【Conclusion】The photothrombotic cerebellar stroke in the vermis and paravermal regions induced movement disorders in ladder rung and treadmill walking tests. 2022年7月1日　11:00～12:00　沖縄コンベンションセンター 展示棟　ポスター会場1 2P-286 RNAi-based screening of neuromodulators involved in motor patterns of foraging behavior in Drosophila larvae *Nicodemo Akiro Aoki(1), Xu Zhang(2), Akinao Nose(1,2), Hiroshi Kohsaka(2,3) 1. Grad Sch Sci, Univ of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan, 2. Grad Sch of Frontier Sci, Univ of Tokyo, Japan, 3. Grad Sch of Inform and Eng, Univ of Electro-Comm, Japan Keyword: long-term behavior, RNAi screening, Drosophila larvae, neuromodulator The generation of rhythmic patterns of movement is a key feature of behaviors that are conserved across the animal kingdom. Stereotyped motor programs are instructed by neural circuits named the central pattern generators (CPGs) that are capable of generating rhythmic activity without any sensory or descending input of phasic timing information. However, to generate complex sequences of behaviors in nature, the central nervous system takes advantage of information from sensory input and internal body states. Foraging, a behaviour searching for food, is one of the long-term complex behaviors, comprising physiological, sensory, and cognitive processes modified in response to environmental fluctuations. Although neural circuits for locomotion in a short time range have been intensively studied, it remains to be examined how the foraging behavior is modulated on a long-term scale of minutes by neuromodulators. The fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster (Drosophila, hereafter), is an ideal model for studying behaviour because of its relatively small brain and the numerous sophisticated genetic tools that have been developed for this animal. Drosophila’s foraging behavior exhibits simple and identifiable motion such as forward and backward crawling, turning, and casting, making it easier to quantify the kinematics. In this study, we designed an RNAi-based screening in order to identify the neuromodulators involved in the long-term behaviour. It is known that starvation induces hyperactivity in Drosophila. To quantify this effect, we compared the kinematics of crawling between satiated and starved larvae. We recorded larval locomotion for as long as five minutes and analyzed it by a machine vision software FIMTrack to extract kinematics parameters such as speed, bend probability, and step length. From this experiment, we succeeded in detecting the effect on foraging kinematics due to the starvation treatment. Using this procedure, we are conducting RNAi-based neuromodulator screening. A preliminary result suggests that the starvation-derived change in foraging behaviour should be regulated by some neuromodulators. In the presentation, we will discuss how neuromodulators regulate the long-term foraging behavior in Drosophila larvae. 2022年7月1日　11:00～12:00　沖縄コンベンションセンター 展示棟　ポスター会場1 2P-287 後頭頂皮質へのムシモール注入がネコ前肢リーチング中の姿勢制御におよぼす影響 The effect of muscimol microinjection into the posterior parietal cortex on postural control during forelimb reaching in the cat. *高橋 未来(1)、中島 敏(2)、福山 秀青(1)、野口 智弘(1)、千葉 龍介(1)、高草木 薫(1) 1. 旭川医科大学医学部、2. 富山大学医学部 *Mirai Takahashi(1), Toshi Nakajima(2), Shusei Fukuyama(1), Tomohiro Noguchi(1), Ryosuke Chiba(1), Kaoru Takakusaki(1) 1. Sch Med, Asahikawa Med Univ, Asahikawa, Japan, 2. Fac Med, Univ of Toyama, Toyama, Japan Keyword: postural control, reaching, parietal cortex Appropriate postural control precedes the purposeful action so that the subject maintains its equilibrium throughout the movements. We have been investigating this preceding postural control during forelimb reaching movement in cats. During the period of the preceding postural control, the posture at the end of the forelimb reaching (target reach) was provided before initiation of the forelimb movement (at paw lift). Moreover, the posture at paw lift in addition to that at target reach was altered by the preceding postural control when the position of the target was changed. Based on these findings, we hypothesize that the preceding postural control requires the mechanism that predicts posture at the end of the purposeful movement using perception of the relationship between one’s body and target position in space. Because the posterior parietal cortex (PPC) is involved in the perception of self-body and circumstance, the purpose of this study was to elucidate whether and to what extent the PPC contributes to the preceding postural control. For this purpose, PPC together with sensori-motor cortices were inactivated by microinjection of muscimol, a GABA agonist. Two adult female cats weighing from 2.4 to 3.0 kg, which were well trained to perform forelimb reaching task, were employed. Under general anesthesia, a craniotomy was made to attach a chamber on the frontal cranium under general anesthesia. After recover from the surgery, locations of the PPC and sensori-motor cortices were identified by recording cortical neuronal activities. Then, muscimol, a GABA-A agonist, was microinjected (5 μg/μl, 10-20 μg/site) into the target site by a custom-made injector. In each cat, the forelimb reaching task was performed under different target positions. The center of vertical pressure (CVP, 10kHz) was calculated by the ground reaction forces exerted by each foot, and the CVP positions was adopted as an index of the cat’s posture. As spatial parameters, we adopted CVP positions at following three moments: at the onset of postural change, at paw lift, and at the target reach. We also measured the time required for the preceding postural control and forelimb reaching movement as temporal parameters. Then, we examined changes of these parameters before and after the injection of muscimol in relation to the changes in target positions. We observed that the preceding postural control was altered after muscimol injections into the PPC. Increasing movement time or shortening CVP shift distance was traded off to maintain the accuracy of the preceding postural control. Here we present the result in detail, leading to this conclusion. 2022年7月1日　11:00～12:00　沖縄コンベンションセンター 展示棟　ポスター会場1 2P-288 マウスにおける左右分離型ベルトトレッドミルでの歩行適応 Locomotor adaptation on the split-belt treadmill in mice *小松 拓実(1)、淺香 明子(1)、結城 笙子(1)、石川 欽也(2)、柳原 大(1) 1. 東京大学大学院総合文化研究科広域科学専攻生命環境科学系、2. 東京医科歯科大学病院長寿・健康人生推進センター *Takumi Komatsu(1), Meiko Asaka(1), Shoko Yuki(1), Kinya Ishikawa(2), Dai Yanagihara(1) 1. Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences,The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan, 2. Center for Personalized Medicine for Healthy Aging, Medical School Hospital, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan Keyword: locomotion, adaptation, interlimb coordination Locomotion is one of adaptive motor behaviors and is executed stably by controlling temporal and spatial activity patterns in limbs and muscles. Interlimb coordination during locomotion can be observed experimentally by exposing animals to perturbation. By repeating controlled perturbation to certain limbs, adaptation and predictive locomotor control against perturbation can be observed. The split-belt treadmill, which has separate belts that can be motorized independently, is well matched to study motor adaptation during locomotion. Synaptic plasticity in the cerebellar cortex, especially long-term depression in Purkinje neurons, is suggested to play an important role in the adaptive interlimb coordination during perturbated locomotion in the decerebrate cat. Recently, transgenic mice, which can optogenetically impede long-term depression, have been produced. Identifying distinct groups of Purkinje neurons required for adaptation in perturbed locomotion may pave the way to better understanding of the functional significance for the cerebellum in locomotion. Therefore, we developed a locomotor learning paradigm in mice, and investigated the kinematics during adaptive locomotion. In this experiment, 12 mice (13 weeks old, male) were used. During an experimental session, each mouse started with 2 minutes of tied-belt condition, then walked another 12 minutes under split-belt condition, and finally went back to tied-belt condition for 8 more minutes. For the split-belt condition, the speed ratio between the fast and slow belts was set at 2:1, respectively, with the fast belt running at 20 m/min and the slow belt running at 10 m/min. Both belts ran at a speed of 15 m/min for the tied-belt condition. Motion was tracked by using deep learning tools, and kinematics of limbs were analyzed. Three mice were excluded after visual inspection due to their unstable gait during the tied-belt condition. In the remaining nine studied animals, gait adaptation was observed mainly in the forelimbs, and its asymmetry between left and right step length showed significant aftereffects of adaptation. On the other hand, not all animals showed uniform adaptive behavior during the split-belt condition; different subgroups that exhibit quantitative differences in aftereffects of adaptation were identified. These characteristics in adaptive interlimb coordination during locomotion in mice will be elucidated by analyzing the temporal and spatial interactions among the four limbs. 2022年7月1日　11:00～12:00　沖縄コンベンションセンター 展示棟　ポスター会場1 2P-289 Detecting step cycles using embedding techniques on high-precision 3D kinematics of freely locomoting mice *Lakshmipriya Swaminathan(1), Bogna Ignatowska-Jankowska(1), Aysen Gurkan Ozer(1), Marylka Yoe Uusisaari(1) 1. Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Keyword: Locomotion, Step detection, Motion capture, Gait Movement is a component of behavior that is important to survival. Locomotion is naturally segmented into spatiotemporal modules that are inherently rhythmic but nevertheless have variability. The ultimate aim of our study is to characterize the neural control of mouse locomotion by identifying unitary movements (UMs) corresponding to step cycles. Here, we make use of a novel marker-assisted 3D motion capture system that consists of 7 high-speed high-resolution cameras as well as a set of retroreflective markers that are permanently attached to the skin of the mice (adult, C57bl/6, n=9) at strategic locations. To reveal the UMs, the markers were tracked while the mice were locomoting at a speed of 10m/min on a treadmill. The tracked data is of high spatiotemporal accuracy (300 Hz, 200 micrometers) that captures very fine details of the movements. To detect the UMs without an a priori definition of a step cycle, the marker trajectories were embedded using singular spectrum analysis (SSA). The SSA embedding is a coordinate transformation that uncovers cycles. Preliminary observations of the SSA embeddings of data from 3 mice suggest that there are at least two classes of cycles (UMs). At the treadmill speed of 10m/min (corresponding to the walking gait in overground locomotion), the mice locomote in bouts of a few seconds with pauses in between. This observed alternation between locomotory states suggests that mice prefer to walk at speeds faster than 10m/min on the treadmill. Further analysis is required to determine the number of UMs that constitute the movement modules associated with the walking gait. It remains to be seen if the number and spatiotemporal form of the UMs is conserved across individuals and different gaits. This work emphasizes the usefulness of 3D motion capture as a high-precision tool to observe and quantify movement. In the future, we aim to make use of it to elucidate neural control underlying locomotion. 2022年7月1日　11:00～12:00　沖縄コンベンションセンター 展示棟　ポスター会場1 2P-290 ニホンザルの歩行中の姿勢変換における体幹と四肢の協調様式 Coordination patterns of trunk and limbs during potural transformation in walking monkeys *鈴木 享(1)、望月 圭(1)、守田 和紀(1)、鈴木 喜郎(1)、稲瀬 正彦(2)、中陦 克己(1) 1. 岩手医科大学、2. 近畿大学 *Takashi Suzuki(1), Kei Mochizuki(1), Kazunori Morita(1), Yoshiro Suzuki(1), Masahiko Inase(2), Katsumi Nakajima(1) 1. Iwate Medical University, 2. Kindai University Keyword: locomotion, postrural transformation, Japanese monkey, treadmill Japanese monkeys can walk quadrupedally and bipedally on a treadmill. Dexterous control of the trunk and limbs is essential for this behavior. To investigate how the CNS transforms the trunk posture from horizontal to vertical during gait, we videotaped walking animals and recorded concurrent EMGs from the trunk and limbs. We compared kinematics and EMG activity among quadrupedal (Qp) gait, postural transformation and bipedal (Bp) gait. Postural transformation was initiated by touchdown of either hindlimb (HL) during Qp gait. During the transformation, in the sagittal plane, the body axis angle increased from 5° to 70°. Compared to Qp gait, step length for the transformation was lengthened at the beginning and shortened thereafter. The step length for BP gait became longer again, but was shorter than QP gait. In the frontal plane, the head and hip exhibited cyclic medio-lateral movements throughout walking. For Qp gait, these movements were generated by a diagonal pair of the forelimb and HL during stance, i.e., the left HL on the belt pushed the hip toward right and the right forelimb on the belt pushed the head toward left. For the transformation, the HL during stance also moved the hip toward the opposite side of this limb. However, because of the forelimbs freed from the constraint of weight bearing, the head shifted to the same direction of the hip movement. This resulted in a cyclic trunk sway during righting up that continued into Bp gait. Step width for the transformation and Bp gait was narrower than Qp gait. Extensor and flexor muscles in the HLs during Qp gait were phasically active in the stance and swing phases, respectively. Bilateral back muscles were briefly coactive around touchdown of each HL. The activity of these muscles gradually increased during the transformation. Co-contraction of antagonistic pairs was also observed in the HL muscles. In the trunk muscles, co-activation became to encompass the entire step cycle and alternate bursts appeared in the left and right EMGs. Such enhanced activity was preserved for stable Bp gait. These results suggest that the monkey CNS transformed trunk posture from one steady-state to the other by seamlessly modifying coordination patterns of the trunk and limbs to keep balance, and the EMG activity to compensate instability of the musculoskeletal system. They could provide a framework to further our understanding of central mechanisms integrating trunk posture with limb movements during locomotion. 2022年7月1日　11:00～12:00　沖縄コンベンションセンター 展示棟　ポスター会場1 2P-291 ショウジョウバエ幼虫の行動のリアルタイム自動定量解析 Automated real-time Quantitative analysis of behavior in Drosophila larvae *張 旭(1)、能瀬 聡直(2)、高坂 洋史(3) 1. 東京大学、2. 東京大学理学系研究科物理学専攻、3. 電気通信大学情報理工学研究科 *XU ZHANG(1), AKINAO NOSE(2), HIROSHI KOHSAKA(3) 1. the university of tokyo, 2. Department of Physics, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Japan, 3. Grad Sch of Inform and Eng, Univ of Electro-Comm, Japan Keyword: Drosophila larval locomotion, behavior kinematics, automatic tracking, machine vision To fully comprehend the function of neural circuits for motor control and the computations underlying them, quantitative kinematic analyses of behaviors are indispensable. Quantitative measurements of the actions that animals perform are key not just for advancing our basic understanding of nervous system function, but also in our assessment and categorization of psychiatric disorders and the development of brain-machine interfaces. A specific type of behavior is well organized into stereotyped motifs. Animals perform multiple motifs of motion by coordinating muscle contraction and exhibit regularity and variability. However, on a large time scale behavior is a dynamic and complex combination of different stereotyped motifs that are the existence of long-term regulation (neuromodulation) and possible effects appeared as disorders and motivation. In this case, the dynamics within each motif can be highly irregular, spontaneous, and unpredictable. Recent advances in neurogenetics have highlighted Drosophila melanogaster as an exciting model to study neural circuit dynamics and complex behavior. Drosophila melanogaster larvae exhibit multiple behaviors by coordinating their segmented soft bodies. In forward and backward crawling, muscle contraction in a few segments is propagating along the body axis. In bending, muscles at one side are constricted while those at the other are relaxed. Whereas the gross motion patterns of these behaviors are stereotypic enough to be clearly defined, the transition of these behaviors in a long-term period remains unclear. To capture the continuous dynamic of behavior, automated tracking methods have facilitated the study of complex behaviors via high throughput behavioral screening, which would be a better solution. In this study, we automatically tracked the kinematics of body segments in each behavior by using GFP-labeled fly larvae and a deep learning-based image processing algorithm, DeepLabCut as long as 15 minutes. We quantified the dynamics of the lengths of all the body segments and analyzed several parameters: speed, segmental angles, contraction and extension rates, intersegmental phase delay, and propagation speed of the local segmental contraction in each behavior. Combining dynamical systems theory with high-resolution posture time series of the Drosophila larvae, we exploit the detailed structure of these trajectories as well as behavior transitions to seek a new quantitative perspective of ethological analysis. These characterizations would pave the way to analyze the state transition in the control of larval locomotion motor. 2022年7月1日　11:00～12:00　沖縄コンベンションセンター 展示棟　ポスター会場1 2P-292 延髄呼吸中枢における硫化水素の領域依存的役割 Site-dependent functions of hydrogen sulfide in the medullary respiratory center. *岡﨑 実那子(1,2)、小金澤 禎史(1,3) 1. 筑波大学医学医療系神経生理学、2. 筑波大学大学院人間総合科学研究科、3. 筑波大学トランスボーダー医学研究センター *Minako Okazaki(1,2), Tadachika Koganezawa(1,3) 1. Dept NeuropPhysiol, Fac Med, Univ Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan, 2. Grad Sch Comp Human Sci, Univ Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan, 3. Transborder Med Res Ctr, Univ Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan Keyword: central pattern generation, breathing, H2S Hydrogen sulfide works as a synaptic modulator in the central nervous system and may contribute to the various physiological system. Respiration is one of the essential physiological functions generated by the central pattern generator. A previous study reported that inhibition of hydrogen sulfide production affects the central respiratory pattern generation. The medullary respiratory center is distributed in the ventrolateral medulla and consists of various neurons in each region. Therefore, we hypothesized that the role of hydrogen sulfide depends on the regions in the respiratory center. This study aimed to evaluate the site-dependent roles of endogenously produced hydrogen sulfide in respiratory pattern generation. We performed in situ arterially perfused preparations of decerebrated rats. The phrenic nerve activity was recorded as a central respiratory output. The medullary respiratory center was identified sympathoexcitation by injecting the excitatory amino acid and histological location. It was divided into the ventral respiratory group (VRG), pre-Bötzinger complex (pre-BötC) and Bötzinger complex (BötC) from caudal to rostral. An inhibitor of cystathionine β-synthase (CBS), a hydrogen sulfide-producing enzyme, was locally injected into the part of the respiratory center. While the eupneic respiration was observed before injecting the CBS inhibitor, the respiratory output was changed after injecting the CBS inhibitor into each part of the respiratory center. When the CBS inhibitor was injected into the BötC or pre-BötC, the amplitude of the phrenic nerve activity decreased, and the frequency of respiration increased. Especially in the BötC, the ratio of the duration of inspiration to respiration increased. On the other hand, when the CBS inhibitor was injected into the VRG, the respiratory frequency and the ratio of the duration of inspiration to respiration decreased. The amplitude of the phrenic nerve activity did not change. These results indicate that endogenously produced hydrogen sulfide has an essential role in generating eupneic respiration and its function depends on the subregion of the medullary respiratory center. 2022年7月1日　11:00～12:00　沖縄コンベンションセンター 展示棟　ポスター会場1 2P-293 新生ラット摘出標本におけるPAR1活性化による腹外側延髄の細胞応答と呼吸リズムの変化 Cell responses of the ventrolateral medulla induced by PAR1 activation and changes in respiratory rhythm in newborn rat en bloc preparations *鬼丸 洋(1)、福士 勇人(2)、池田 啓子(3)、矢澤 格(4)、武田 湖太郎(5)、岡田 泰昌(6)、泉﨑 雅彦(1) 1. 昭和大学医学部生理学、2. 植草学園大学保健医療学部、3. 昭和大学歯学部口腔生理、4. 九州栄養福祉大学食物栄養学部、5. 藤田医科大学保健衛生学部、6. 国立病院機構村山医療センター臨床研究部 *Hiroshi Onimaru(1), Isato Fukushi(2), Keiko Ikeda(3), Itaru Yazawa(4), Kotaro Takeda(5), Yasumasa Okada(6), Masahiko Izumizaki(1) 1. Dept Physiol, Showa Univ. Sch. of Med., Tokyo, Japan, 2. Faculty of Health Sciences, Uekusa Gakuen University, Chiba, Japan, 3. Dept Oral Physiol, Showa Univ. Sch. of Dent., Tokyo, Japan, 4. Dept Food & Nutrition, Kyushu Nutrition Welfare Univ, Fukuoka, Japan, 5. School of Healthcare, Fujita Health University, Tsu, Mie, Japan, 6. Clinical Research Center, Murayama Medical Center, Musashimurayama, Tokyo Japan Keyword: PAR1, respiratory rhythm, ventrolateral medulla, TFLLR Proteinase-activated receptor-1 (PAR1) is expressed in astrocytes of various brain regions, and it is suggested that its activation is involved in the modulation of neuronal activity. Here we report the effects of PAR1-selective agonist TFLLR on respiratory rhythm generation in the brainstem-spinal cord preparation. The preparation was isolated from newborn rats (P0-P4) under deep isoflurane anesthesia and was transversely cut at various levels of the rostral medulla. The preparation was superfused with the artificial cerebrospinal fluid (25-26˚C) and the inspiratory C4 ventral root activity was monitored. The cellular responses in the ventrolateral medulla close to the cut surface were detected by calcium imagings or membrane potential recordings. Application of 10 μM TFLLR (4 min) induced a rapid and transient increase of calcium signal in cells of the ventrolateral medulla. More than 80% of responding cells (77/90 cells from 7 preparations) were also activated by low (0.2 mM) K+ solution, consistent with prediction that they were astrocytes. We also confirmed that these effects were at least partially reversible after 20-30 min washout. Whole cell-patch clamp recordings revealed that respiratory related neurons in the ventrolateral medulla showed transient membrane hyperpolarization (-2 to -4 mV) during 10 μM TFLLR. C4 burst rate decreased transiently in response to application of 10 μM TFLLR and this inhibitory effect was partially blocked by 50 μM theophylline. In conclusion, activation of astrocytes via PAR-1 resulted in a decrease of inspiratory C4 burst rate in association with transient hyperpolarization of respiratory related neurons in the ventrolateral medulla. Adenosine may be partially involved in the inhibitory effect of PAR-1 activation. COI: No 2022年7月1日　11:00～12:00　沖縄コンベンションセンター 展示棟　ポスター会場1 2P-294 全身歩容運動における関節回転の四元数解析 A Quaternion-Based Analysis of Joint Rotations in Whole-Body Gait Cycles *筧 慎治(1)、渡部 雅也(2,3)、近藤 敏之(3)、田中 宏和(4) 1. 実践女子大学、2. グリー株式会社、3. 東京農工大学、4. 東京都市大学 *Shinji Kakei(1), Masaya Watanabe(2,3), Toshiyuki Kondo(3), Hirokazu Tanaka(4) 1. Jissen Women's Univ, Tokyo, Japan, 2. Gree, Inc, Tokyo, Japan, 3. Tokyo Univ of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan, 4. Tokyo City Univ Keyword: gait analysis, kinematic synergy, motor primitives, component decomposition This poster reports our progress in systematically processing whole-body motion time series encoded in joint quaternions. Whereas recent developments in commercial motion-capture systems provide an affordable method for measuring whole-body movements, proper techniques for analyzing such data have yet to be developed. Joint angles in motion capture data are encoded either in Euler angles or unit quaternions, but these rotation variables reside in a curved manifold; Euler angles exhibit singularities at the poles, and quaternions need to have a unit length. Therefore, standard signal processing methods cannot readily handle such rotation-based motion-capture sequences. Our proposed method circumvents this predicament by geometrically mapping unit quaternions on a three-sphere onto pure quaternions in the flat three-dimensional space. We exploit a logarithmic transformation of a unit quaternion into a pure quaternion. Once mapped to pure quaternions, one may apply standard methods of time series analysis accordingly, followed by an exponential transformation into unit quaternions for interpretation. We demonstrate three illustrative examples: (1) A tensor decomposition of joint rotations in a gait cycle, (2) a sparse matrix classification of two gait patterns, and (3) a correlation analysis between kinematics quaternions and dynamic muscle activities. The first principal mode extracted from joint quaternions exhibits a bilaterally antisymmetric arrangement. Further, we investigate systematic differences in gait configurations between a healthy control and a cerebellar patient. We believe that our proposed method will propel forward the interpretability of quaternion-based whole-joint rotations. 2022年7月1日　11:00～12:00　沖縄コンベンションセンター 展示棟　ポスター会場1 2P-295 同時通訳中の選択的注意処理反応をASSR-related PACを用いて検出 Detection of Selective Attention processing during Simultaneous Interpretation by EEG Auditory Steady-State response-related Phase-Amplitude Coupling. *矢倉 晴子(1)、田中 宏季(1)、須藤 克仁(1)、中村 哲(1) 1. 奈良先端科学技術大学院大学　先端科学技術研究科 *Haruko Yagura(1), Hiroki Tanaka(1), Katsuhito Sudoh(1), Satoshi Nakamura(1) 1. Information Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology Keyword: Auditory steady-state response, inter-trial coherence, phase amplitude coupling, simultaneous interpretation INTRODUCTION: Interpreter Advantage (IA) is known to improve cognitive functions such as attention and working memory as the number of years of experience in Simultaneous Interpretation. In recent years, IA has been attracting attention as a clue for the development and evaluation of training methods that improve human cognitive functions such as attention and memory. METHODS: In order to detect the IA using continuous speech sounds for EEG measurements on the realistic environment during SI, we used the 40-Hz ASSR (Auditory-Steady State Response) by electroencephalography measurements as an index for the attentional switching function between groups of subjects with different Simultaneous Interpretations experiences. In addition to the 40 Hz-ASSR used in our previous research, we used an ASSR-related PAC (phase-amplitude coupling) that can verify the relationship between multiple frequencies on IA. In the experiment, the experienced Simultaneous Interpreters group (E-group) and the beginner Interpreters group (B-group) were instructed under the Simultaneous Interpretation (SI, with interpretation load) condition and Shadowing (SH: Shadowing condition - without interpretation load), and they were compared between the subject groups. Phase synchronization (ITC: inter-trial coherence) and Modulation Index (MI) were used to compare effect sizes (Cohen's d) between subject groups (E-group and B-group) and between tasks (SI and SH). RESULTS: The effect size of ITC was low (ITC: SI < SH, Cohen's d = 0.21, E-group < B-group, Cohen's d = 0.25), whereas PAC showed an effective effect size between subject groups, but no effective effect size between tasks (PAC: E-group < B-group, Cohen's d = 0.85, SI < SH, Cohen's d = 0.08). DISCUSSIONS and CONCLUSIONS: The beginners’ PAC did not increase during SI when the task load was high. This indicates that the effect of the external stimulus from a 40-Hz pulse stimulus was equal to or stronger than the task’s effect. Furthermore, the B-group tries to inhibit unnecessary information to switch attention between languages than the experienced group but increases PAC to maintain inhibition due to increased load. These results suggest that MI is more effective than ITC for verifying IA cognitive function between subjects, and ITC is more effective for detecting features between tasks. It is expected that the ASSR-related PAC will contribute to enabling EEG measurements in real environments that require continuous speech. 2022年7月1日　11:00～12:00　沖縄コンベンションセンター 展示棟　ポスター会場1 2P-296 一次運動野機能的ネットワーク構造が示唆する休息と徐波睡眠の類似性 Similar functional network structures in the primary motor cortex during quiet wake and slow-wave sleep revealed by calcium imaging and graphical modeling *上田 壮志(1)、宮崎 峻弘(1)、坂本 航太郎(2)、日野 英逸(2)、柳沢 正史(1) 1. 筑波大学、2. 統計数理研究所 *Takeshi Kanda(1), Takehiro Miyazaki(1), Kotaro Sakamoto(2), Hideitsu Hino(2), Masashi Yanagisawa(1) 1. University of Tsukuba, 2. The Institute of Statistical Mathematics Keyword: imaging, sleep, graphical model, cerebral cortex Active and quiet wake have distinct effects on brain functions, the underlying physiological events in the cortex are still unknown. Using two-photon calcium imaging and statistical machine learning, we investigated the differences between these two states and the homology with sleep states in local functional connectivity within the primary motor cortex layer 2/ 3. No large differences were observed in individual neural activity between active and quiet wake. Functional connectivity between neurons, estimated by graphical modeling, was sparse in active wake and dense in quiet wake. Unexpectedly, common neuron pairs were connected functionally to each other during quiet wake and slow-wave sleep. Similarity analysis of functional network structures, calculated by Kullback–Leibler divergence, revealed that, in local cortical networks, slow-wave sleep was similar to quiet wake, while another sleep state rapid-eye-movement sleep was quite different from both active and quiet wake. Our observations suggest that common functional networks emerging in quiet wake and slow-wave sleep support the common offline information processing in the brain. 2022年7月1日　11:00～12:00　沖縄コンベンションセンター 展示棟　ポスター会場1 2P-297 Assessing the effects of stimulation on self-organized criticality in developing dissociated neuronal cultures using high density electrodes *Amit Yaron(1), Zhuo Zhang(2), Eisuke Suwa(2), Zenas C. Chao(1), Hirokazu Takahashi(2) 1. International Research Center for Neurointelligence (WPI-IRCN), UTIAS, The University of Tokyo , 2. Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, The Univ. Tokyo Keyword: dissociated neuronal culture , Self organized criticality , Learning To survive in an ever-changing world, living things must make predictions about their environment so they can act accordingly. But how do the basic mechanisms that allow neural systems to make these predictions develop? Does it require the complex and compartmentalized structure of the mammalian brain, or is there something in the way brain cells work that allow them to self-organize and be up to this task? Another question that we want to ask is whether this ability develops independently or does outside input can direct this development. To answer these questions, we recorded the activity of neuronal cultures grown on a CMOS electrode array in different periods after planting. In one group of cultures, we used trains of stimulation of different parts of the culture every few days. To characterize the development, we compared the change in criticality of the spontaneous activity in both groups. Self-organized criticality (SOC) describes a way in which complexity emerges in many dynamical systems such as landslides, forest fires and even war and stock market crashes. Systems in critical states exhibit avalanches – cascades of activity that can be well described by power laws. Previous work in the lab have suggested a two-step process in the development of SOC in dissociated neuronal cultures. A process of integration accompanying large scale avalanches and a process of fragmentation with middle sized avalanches. Although the cultures studied before had many thousands of neurons, it was only possible to record around a hundred neurons at a time, which limits the ability to characterize the activity. In our current system we Have the ability to record from about a thousand electrodes at a time, which comes with its own challenges. Recording from many neurons at a time will enable us the better characterise the development of the critical state and to develop better computational models of these networks. In this poster I will describe the methods we use in monitoring the criticality of developing cultures as well as the preliminary results of the effects of stimulation on this development.